• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2003

Flexural properties were investigated on clear specimens made from small diameter thinned trees of pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.), Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc), Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Carr.), and sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carr.). MOR and MOE values of small clear specimen were depended on the species. The highest density of sawtooth oak shows the highest values of MOR and MOE. However, the lowest density of Japanese larch shows the lowest values of MOR. It was also shown that flexural properties could be predicted by stress wave MOE, since the correlations between stress wave MOE and flexural properties were relatively good.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.41-44
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• 2002

Weight loss, N and P dynamics during decomposition of fine roots (<2mm) of alder(Alnus japonica), oak (Quercus acutissima) and pitch pine(Pinus rigida) were studied for 33 months in Kongju, Korea. After 33 months, remaining weight of fine roots of alder, oak and pitch pine was 29.2%, 47.7% and 53.4% of the initial weight, respectively. The decomposition rate constant (k) for alder, oak and pitch pine was 0.448 $yr^1$, 0.269 $yr^1$, 0.228 $yr^1$, respectively. Initial concentration of N and P in fine roots was 10.32mg/g and 0.69mg/g for alder, 6.20mg/g and 0.37mg/g for oak and 7.26mg/g and 0.44mg/g for pitch pine, respectively. Initial concentration of N and P in alder were higher than those in oak and pitch pine. After 33 months, remaining N and P in fine roots was 39.5$\%$ and 31.8$\%$ for alder, 59.4$\%$ and 57.8$\%$ for oak, 63.0$\%$ and 83.4$\%$ for pitch pine, respectively. Decomposition rate and the rate of N released from decomposing fine roots was positively correlated with the initial N concentration of the fine roots.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1983

Ectomycorrhizal fungi in Pinus $rigida{\times}taeda$ and poplar stands (Populus $alba{\times}glandulosa$ and others) were collected in 1981 and 1982. A total of 39 mushrooms representing 15 genera were identified from the pine stand, and the major genera were Amanita, Lactarius, Russula, Laccaria, and Boletus. From the poplar stands 16 mushrooms representing 8 genera were identified and 13 of them were the same found in the pine stand. Amanita, Russula, Laccaria, and Leccinum are the major genera in the poplar stands. A single species of Boletus was found in large number in pine and poplar stands. Lactarius was not observed in the poplar stands, while Leccinum was not found in the pine stand. Cantharellus lutescens which has not been reported in Korea was collected in the pine stand.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.123-133
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• 1986

Black pine, Pinus thumbergii, stands in southwestern Korea were investigated. The black pine forest with 90 percent or more in the relative basal area (black pine basal area/whole pine basal area, RBA) was found in the coastal area. However, from the coastal area to the inland. RBA of the pine was decreased because the competition with red pine (P. densiflora) and/or pitch pine (P. rigida). In 25 year-old plants at the coastal areas, the wood volume of black pine is twofold or more than that of red pine, fourfold or more than that of pitch pine. The optimum rotation period for the maximum yield of black pine is estimated to take 35 years, based on the site index calculated. The optimal temperature for the pine plantation in Korean peninula should be the area in over 105。C.month in warmth index. And the soil conditions with 50% of RBA or over were 0.025%~0.151% of soil salinity, 3~6% of organic matter content, pH value 4.50~5.04, 8.5~11.0 me/100g of C.E.C..

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.165-169
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• 2010

Fusarium circinatum is the causal agent of the pine disease commonly referred to as pitch canker. In this study, F. circinatum was isolated from the diseased Pinus rigida in the golf courses, Korea. The morphological characteristics and the molecular features of the isolates were investigated to identify the pathogen. Histone H3 gene and IGS rDNA region was analyzed and consequently the isolates identified as F. circinatum. All of them have the same sequences and the mating type was determined as MAT1-1. The inhibitory effect of the methanol extracts from the disease resistant pine species, Pinus koraiensis and Pinus densiflora and a susceptible species, P. rigida were evaluated against the isolate, F. circinatum. As a result, the extracts of P. koraiensis and P. densiflora showed higher antifungal activity than that of the susceptible, P. rigida.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.505-505
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• 2009

The object is to optimize the best condition of organosolv pretreatment process with sulfuric acid as a catalyst. As a material, Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) was ground and sieved through 40-mesh screen, and Celluclast and $\beta$-glucosidase were used as enzymes for enzymatic hydrolysis. Pretreatment processes were carried out in the minibomb, and 20 g of materials with 200 ml of 50% ethanol solution (v/v) with 1% sulfuric acid as a catalyst. Pretreatment temperature was varied from $150^{\circ}C$ to $190^{\circ}C$, and time was varied from 0 to 20 min. Then, residual materials were used for enzymatic hydrolysis. The best conditions were selected by estimating followed enzymatic hydrolysis rate and degradable rates after pretreatment process. The highest value of enzymatic hydrolysis rate was obtained as 55 - 60% at 160 and at $180^{\circ}C$, but the value decreased under more severe conditions. As the residual rates decreased under severe conditions, it infered that the decrease of sugar contents limits enzymatic hydrolysis rates. Combined with enzymatic hydrolysis rate, degradable rates and H-factors, the temperatures at $160^{\circ}C$ for 20 min and at $180^{\circ}C$ for 0 min were concluded as the optimized conditions where have the lowest H-factor value for considering energy input.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.394-401
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• 2010

Resin flow, symptom development, and lignin biosynthesis in response to wounding and fungal inoculation were investigated in Pinus rigida and Pinus densiflora. The two-year-old seedling stems were subjected to three types of treatments: (i) wounding without inoculation, (ii) wound-inoculation with a conidial suspension of Fusarium circinatum, and (iii) pre-wounding woundinoculation with the fungus 20 days after the initial wounding. Resin flow from wounding sites was more evident in P. rigida than P. densiflora in all treatments. The wound-inoculation with the fungus induced almost two-fold higher levels of resin flow than the other treatments in both species. The pre-wounding woundinoculation appeared to result in a decrease in pitch canker development in the two pine species. Some reductions in disease severity were observed in the prewounding wound-inoculated P. rigida, showing a mean disease severity of less than 85%, compared with approximately 100% in the wound-inoculated stems. Disease severity was approximately 50% in the woundinoculated P. densiflora, whereas 10% in the pre-wounding wound-inoculated stems. Higher amounts of lignin were found from bark (ca. 40%) than from xylem (ca. 30%). The wound-inoculated bark and the pre-wounding wound-inoculated bark exhibited higher amounts of lignin among the other treatments. These results suggest that the wound-inoculation apparently prompt the increase in resin flow and lignin biosynthesis from the two pine species, and the prior wounding may be involved in decreased disease severity against the further invasion of F. circinatum.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 1982

Ectomycorrhizal fungi in a pine stand were identified by collecting mushrooms from forest floor of a 24-year-old Pinus $rigida-rigida\;{\times}\;taeda$ stand in Suweon from late June to early November of 1981. Of over 70 different mushrooms collected, 26 were identified by species names and 20 were classified into genus categories. A total of 17 different fungal genera were represented in this pine stand. Most commonly observed mushrooms belonged to the genera of Russula, Lactarius, Boletus and Amanita. The genus Hebeloma and following four species are listed as new genus and species, respectively, which have not been reported previously in Korea: Inocybe fastigiata, Phylloporus bellus, Lactarius glaucescens, and Lactarius subvellereus. The Phylloporus bellus has been incorrectly identified in Korea as Phylloporus rhodoxanthus.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1984

Susceptible trees of Pinus densiflora and resistant trees of Pinus rigida following pine gall midge (Tnecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) attack were seasonally compared to examine the variation in needle growth and photosynthetic ability, respiration rate, chlorophyll contents, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents. Also, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of larvae both from soil and from galled tissue were compared during March and September, respectively. The plantation damaged severely by this insect consisted mostly of 10-to 15-year old P. rigida and P. densiflora. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1) The length of the infested needles of P. densiflora decreased by 48.1 percent compared with the normal needles, while that of P. rigida did 37.4 percent. 2) All of P. densiflora and P. rigida showed higher photosynthetic ability in normal needles than in infested needles. The maximum photosynthetic ability of P. densiflora was shown in mid-August, while that of P. rigida in mid-October. In contrast to that, respiration rate of infested needles was higher than that of normal needles in both species. The respiration rate of P. rigida was higher than that of P. densiflora. 3) P. rigida had higher total chlorophyll contents than P. densiflora. The total carotenoid contents tents in infested needles were higher than those in normal needles of both species. 4) Total carotenoid contents were generally higher in P. rigida than in P. densiflora during the growing season. The total carotenoid content (0.094mg/g) in larvae from soil was similar to that (0.092mg/g) in larvae from galled tissues. 5) Infested needles of both species showed higher anthocyanin contents than normal needles. Higher anthocyanin contents in galled needles were due primarily to its active formation stimulated by larval attack. Thus, reddish-brown coloration occurred only in galled needles of P. densiflora.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to compare the relative growth of annual ring width of red pine(Pinus densiflora), black pine(Pinus thunbergii) and pitch pine(Pinus rigida) by means of multiple regression method according to Graybill hypothesis. The obtained results are as follows. 1. The changes of rainfall have affected to tree growth during the periods of 1975 through 1978. 2. Among these pine trees, red pine was mostly influenced by environmental factors. 3. The growth of annual ring width was sensitively responded to the changes of rainfall and air temperature. 4. Among the heavy metals analyzed, the concentrations(ppm) of Lead(Pb) and Copper(Cu) were negatively effected on the growth of annual ring width of pine trees. 5. The analytical technique of annual ring width may be useful for estimation of the pollution in forest areas near industrial complexes.