• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 1999

Purpose : To evaluate the language areas activated by fMRI during different reading tasks and to assess the difference of activated areas according to each reading task. Materials and Methods : Functional maps of the language area were obtained during three reading tasks(Korean consonant letter, pseudoword, and word) in nine right-handed volunteers(7 males 2 females). MR examinations were performed at 1.5T scanner with EPI BOLD technique(gradient echo shot EPI, TR/TE 3000/60, flip angle $90^{\circ}$, matrix $64{\times}64$, 5mm thickness, no slice gap). Each task consisted of three resting periods and two activation periods and each period lasted 30 seconds. We used SPM program for the postprocessing of images and signification level was set at p<0.01. Activated areas were topographically analyzed in each stimulus. Results : Significant activated signals were demonstrated in all volunteers. Activated signals were seen in the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes during reading tasks and they were lateralized to the left hemisphere except occipital lobe. Letter and pseudoword produced stronger activated signals than word, and the activated signals were more lateralized to the left hemisphere in pseudoword reading than in letter reading. Conclusion : Activated signals were induced in the language areas by reading task of letter or wordform. Greater activation of language areas was induced when letter or pseudowords were presented than familiar words.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.250-259
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• 2010

Objective: Intraoral noncompliance upper molar distalization techniques have gained in popularity and have subsequently found to be successful in Class II correction. The aim of the present study was to introduce a screw supported intraoral distalization appliance and investigate its efficiency. Methods: Twenty-one subjects (11 females, 10 males; average age of 14.9 years) with Angle Class II malocclusion participated in this study. Two screws were inserted behind the incisive foramen and immediately loaded to distalize the upper first molars. An intraoral screw supported distalization appliance was used to distalize the upper molars in order to achieve a Class I molar relationship. Skeletal and dental changes were evaluated using cephalometric and three-dimensional (3D) model analysis. Results: Upper molars were distalized 3.95 mm on average and a Class I molar relationship was achieved without any anchorage loss. The upper molars were tipped only $1.49^{\circ}$ and the upper right and left molars were rotated only $0.54^{\circ}$ and $0.74^{\circ}$ respectively which were statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The newly designed screw supported noncompliance distalization appliance was found to be an effective device for achieving bodily molar distalization without any anchorage loss.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.347-357
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• 2019

The main fault zone of the Yangsan Fault, located in the southeastern part of the Korean peninsula, is newly found at the Cheonjin-ri, Dudong-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Korea. About 100 wide fault zone exposed along the Guryangcheon stream strikes N-S and dips over 70° toward east. The main fault zone is composed of N-S-striking gouge and breccia layers and enclosed lenses. Striations on the subvertical fault surfaces mainly indicate dextral slip, but moderate-angle minor reverse faults showing top-tothe-west shearing transect the foliated high-angle gouge and breccia layers. These indicate that the dextral slip along the fault, which is interpreted as the main movement of the fault, was followed by reverse slip. The fault zone is composed of N-S-striking gouge layers and enclosed, fractured lenses. Locally distributed NE-SW- to E-W-striking fault gouge layers with fractured lenses show asymmetric folds, indicating progressive dextral movement. Therefore, the exposed fault zone has a high internal complexity due to the combined effects of NNE-SSW-trending dextral shearing and E-W-trending shortening by compression. In addition, around main boundary fault between the western volcanic rocks and eastern sedimentary rocks offsets the overlying Quaternary fluvial conglomerate. This is a good example that understanding of internal structures of main fault zone (or fault core), such as the Yangsan Fault, plays an important role to study the Quaternary activity and to find the active fault.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.6 s.113
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• pp.420-432
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• 2005

Bolton analysis is widely used to predict tooth size discrepancy. but its accuracy has been challenged. The purpose of this study was to describe true anterior tooth size discrepancies among orthodontic patients and to evaluate the factors that affect true anterior tooth size discrepancies. The subjects consisted of 80 patients with varying malocclusions (Class I. Class II. Class III. and Class III surgery) who were treated orthodontically. Pre-treatment models. set-up models from post-treatment models. and lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed The results were as follows. The means. the standard deviations. and ranges of anterior Bolton ratio in the present study were somewhat higher than those of Bolton's samples and Korean normal samples. The number of patients showing maxillary deficiency was larger than that of patients showing maxillary excess in view of true anterior discrepancies. There was a significant difference between anterior Bolton discrepancy from pre-treatment models and true anterior discrepancy from set-up models (p < 0.05) There was no significant difference in true anterior discrepancies among malocclusion groups (p > 0.05). And there was also no significant difference between the male and female groups (p> 0.05). Overbite and the incisal edge thickness of maxillary anterior teeth have little relationship with true anterior discrepancies. Multiple regression analysis showed that true anterior discrepancy was mainly determined by anterior Bolton ratio, upper incisor to occlusal plane angle after treatment. interincisal angle after treatment. and upper right lateral incisor width.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.465-476
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• 2017

This study attempted to investigate the effects of gold therapy on myofascial pain syndrome(MPS) in the neck, back and shoulder in comparison to stone therapy and verify its availability as an efficient nursing mediator in clinical trials. For this, therapy was given to a total of 20 women in two groups (gold therapy group, stone therapy group: 10 persons each) living in the capital region three times a week (40 min. at a time) for two weeks. In both groups, a statistically significant decrease was found in the following after the treatment: neck circumference, shoulder width, width of the inferior angle of scapula, shoulder thickness and waist circumference (p<0.001). In terms of differences, the gold therapy group was greater than the stone therapy group. In both groups, a statistically significant increase was observed after treatment in the following: cervical lateral bending (right), cervical lateral bending (left), cervical flexion and cervical extension angle (p<0.001). In terms of differences, the gold therapy group was greater than the stone therapy group. In conclusion, this study seems to show that gold therapy is a nursing intervention option having effective fascial relaxation and pain relief for the neck, back and shoulder. Therefore, it would be valuable as safe, non-invasive therapy.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.245-257
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• 1998

This study was performed to measure the changes of the mandibular movement and the masticatory muscular activities - anterior temporal and masseter muscle of both side - reflected by intentional increase of anterior guidance angie. For this study, 5 volunteers (3 males and 2 females with average age of 24.0) were selected. Each volunteer had Angle's classification I and did not have any missing tooth except third molar and any extensive restorations. Metallic guide plate was made at volunteer's working model fabricated by improved dental stone and cemented to the palatal surface of maxillary central incisor using resin cement(Panavia $21^{(R)}$) and then adjusted not to give any occlusal interferences at intercuspal position. The activity of masticatory muscles and the changes of mandibular movement were recorded by EMG and Sirognathograph in Biopak analysing system(Bioresearch Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA). Measurement was done at before experiment, immediatley after placement, 1 week after placement, immediately after removal, and 1 week after removal. The results were as follows: 1. Moderate phonetic disturbance and mild headache were occured to 3 volunteers for 2 days after setting and 1 volunteer had positive reaction to percussion and slight midline diastema. But all of these clinical signs were diappeared 1 week after removal and the other volunteer did not have any special clinical sign. 2. In the EMG of the mandibular rest position, the mean value of anterior tempotal muscle was increased immediately after placement(p<0.01) and then decreased 1 week after placement(p<0.05) and increased 1 week after removal(p<0.05) but not recovered as before experiment. The mean value of masseter muscle was decreased during the experiment period. 3. In the EMG during mandibular protrusive movement, all muscular activity was decreased during the experiment period. Reduced activity was not recovered 1 week after removal(p<0.03). 4. During the habitual opening, anteroposterior movement of mandible was decreased immediately after placement(p<0.05) and then increased 1 week after placement but not statistically significant(p>0.1). Vertical movement was not shown significant difference during the experiment period(p>0.1). Lateral movement was decreased immediately after placement(p<0.05) and then increased 1 week after placement but not recovered as before experiment. The opening and closing velocity of mandible was shown minor changes but not statistically significant. 5. During the habitual opening, anteroposterior movement of mandible was decreased 1 week after placement(p<0.05) and then increased immediately after removal and recovered 1 week after removal as before experiment. Vertical movement was not shown significant changes. Lateral displacement of mandible was increased continuously and recovered 1 week after removal. Opening velocity was temporarily increased immediately after removal but recovered and closing velocity was not shown significant changes. 6. During the right side chewing, anteroposterior movement of mandible was increased immediately after removal but recovered and vertical movement was not shown statistically significant results. Lateral displacement and velocity of mandible were not shown significant results. 7. During the left side chewing, the changes of mandibular movement pattern were not shown statistically significant results.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristic of low back pain(LBP) and lumbosacral-pelvic alignments, and the relationship between them, depending on the presence and the duration of LBP. Methods : Ninety six patients were classified into the no LBP group(n=31), the acute LBP group(n=33) and the chronic LBP group(n=32), based on the presence and duration of LBP. In each group, lumbosacral-pelvic indicators were measured. The data were analysed by one way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and pearson correlation. Results : 1. The chronic LBP group showed the lower mean value in Ferguson angle, Lumbar lordosis angle, Pelvic Incidence and difference between left and right iliac height, being compared to acute LBP group. 2. There was not significant correlation between lumbosacral-pelvic alignments and LBP in every group. 3. A positive correlation was found among period of LBP and visual analogue scale(VAS), Oswestry disability index(ODI). Conclusions : For presence and duration of LBP, there were different characteristic values in descriptive statistics. And period of LBP is the most important factor for the degree of LBP. These results show that the lumbosacral-pelvic alignments and LBP have distinctive relationships depending on the duration of LBP.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

Background: Thoracic spine self-mobilization exercise is commonly used to manage patients with neck pain. However, no previous studies have investigated the effects of thoracic spine self-mobilization exercise alone in patients with chronic neck pain. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thoracic self-mobilization using a tool on cervical range of motion (ROM), disability level, upper body posture, pain and fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) in patients with chronic neck pain. Methods: The subjects were 49 patients (21 males, 28 females) with chronic neck pain. The subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG, n = 23) and control group (CG, n = 26). For the EG, thoracic self-mobilization was applied. We placed a tool (made with 2 tennis balls) under 3 different vertebral levels (T1-4, T5-8, T9-12) of the thoracic spine and the subjects performed crunches, which included thoracic flexion and extension in supine position. Five times × 3 sets for each levels, twice a week, for 4 weeks. Cervical pain, disability, upper body posture, FABQ results, and ROM were evaluated at baseline, after 4 weeks of intervention, and at 8 weeks of follow-up. Assessments included the quadruple visual analogue scale (QVAS); Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire (NPQ); craniovertebral angles (CVA), forward shoulder angle (FSA) and kyphosis angle (KA) measurements for upper body posture; FABQ and cervical ROM testing. Results: The EG showed a statistically significant improvement after intervention in the QVAS (-51.16%); NPQ (-53.46%); flexion (20.95%), extension (25.32%), left rotation (14.04%), and right rotation (25.32%) in the ROM of the cervical joint; KA (-7.14%); CVA (9.82%); and FSA (-4.12%). Conclusion: These results suggest that, for patients with chronic neck pain, thoracic self-mobilization exercise using a tool (tennis balls) is effective to improve neck pain, disability level, the ROM, and upper body posture.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.229-234
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out clinical and radiological outcomes in 70 patients of both calcaneal fracture. Materials and Methods: From March 1993 to March 2011, 70 patients underwent non-operative management or operative management at our hospital. Conservative management was performed in 15 cases of undisplaced fracture (Group A). Operative management was performed in 125 cases including 32 cases of undisplaced fracture (Group B), 60 cases of joint depression type fracture (Group C), 33 cases of tongue type fracture (Group D). Results were evaluated by VAS score, AOFAS score, circle draw test, Bohler angle (BA), Gissane angle, width & height of calcaneus. Results: VAS scores were 2.0 in group A, 2.0 in group B, 2.2 in group C, 2.7 in group D. AOFAS scores were 90.4 in group A, 91.9 in group B, 72.2 in group C, 79.2 in group D. Circle draw tests were 8.4 cm in group A, 10.1 cm in group B, 7.6 cm in group C, 7.9 cm in group D. Bohler angles (BA) and Gissane angles were $19.1^{\circ}$, $96.7^{\circ}$ in group A, $21.8^{\circ}$, $119.1^{\circ}$ in group B, $26.3^{\circ}$, $121.2^{\circ}$ in group C, $19.7^{\circ}$, $119.7^{\circ}$ in group D. Calcaneal widths and heights were 39.5 mm, 31.6 mm in group A, 32.7 mm, 37.0 mm in group B, 34.4 mm, 39.2 mm in group C, 35.2 mm, 38.7 mm in group D. Conclusion: The main cause of bilateral calcaneal fracture is an injury from a fall, and the cases were more frequently occurred in men than women. Also the fracture in the right side tend to occur more severely compared to the left side. The surgical treatment shows better results than conservative treatment in bilateral calcaneal fracture.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.5-12
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• 2023

In this study, the amount of heaving soil and the heave characteristics of the heaving soil generated at the actual site were quantitatively analyzed through DCM laboratory test construction. By reproducing a series of construction processes of the DCM method in a large-scale soil tank close to the actual site, the amount of heaving soil was predicted and the elevation characteristics such as elevation, diffusion range, diffusion angle and amount of elevation of the heaving soil were evaluated. As a result of the laboratory test construction, the actual elevation in terms of similarity within the DCM improvement section is 0~8.18m, and an average of 3.50m is observed. The actual diffusion range of the heaving soil converted to the similarity ratio is distributed from 28.0 to 38.0m on the left and right sides of the improvement section. The total amount of heaving soil calculated by the SUFFER program based on the results of the laboratory test construction is 19,901m³. Compared with the injected slurry amount of 16,992m³, the amount of heave compared to the injected amount is analyzed as 85.4%. The diffusion angle of DCM heaving soil, which analyzed the results of DCM laboratory test construction with the SUFFER program, is measured to be 30.0~38.0° at a depth of 50.0m, and is evaluated as an average of 34.0°. On the other hand, based on the DCM laboratory test construction and the analysis results using the program performed in this study, the amount of heaving soil at the DCM depths of 40.0m and 60.0m is predicted.