• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.19-39
• /
• 2006

This study deals with construction contract bid-rigging by Japanese contractors who monopolized the construction market of the Korean Peninsula during the Japanese colonial rule, and investigates the abuses of the contract bid-rigging. First of all, construction contract bid-rigging in Korea was triggered by Japanese construction contractors and contract brokers, who had savored the benefits of bidrigging in Japan and had repeated the bid-rigging in Korea since 1903. Second, the agency played a significant role to mediate construction contractors, and existed throughout the Japanese colonial rule on the Korean Peninsula with changing their names. Most of them were engaged in major contract bid-rigging scandals. Among them was Construction Association of Korea, which existed for over 13 years. The agencies had took part in governmental services since the mid-1930s when Japan exploited Korean people during wartime, and focused on sweating human resources for the constructions. Third, one of the biggest construction bid-rigging scandals during the Japanese colonial rule was "the 1st and 2nd scandal on Daegu construction contract bid-rigging." Indeed, the second scandal paved the way for the serial scandals: "Kyeongseong construction contract bid-rigging scandal", "Busan construction contract bid-rigging scandal", and other cases throughout the nation. Fourth, along with the contract bid-rigging cases related to the Japanese Government-General of Korea and local authorities, bid-riggings firmly took rooted in local governments' farmland reclamation projects in the 1920s and the poor relief services in the 1930s. The "bid-rigging charges" forced contractors to compensate their losses with exploiting material costs and labor costs, generating serious problems. The construction contract bid-rigging enabled Japan to monopolize the construction industry and to sweat farmers on the Korean Peninsula. Against this backdrop, contract bid-rigging by Japanese construction contractors during the its colonization made Korean contractors ruled out, and helped Japanese monopolize the industry. A large amount of bid-rigging charges drove Japanese contractors to do fraudulent work with cheap materials and to exploit Korean labor force.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.92-100
• /
• 2018

According to 'The Analysis of Industrial Accidents in 2016' by Ministry of Employment and Labor, the number of deaths caused by accidents in the construction field is 391, accounting for 47% of 826 industrial fatalities in all industries. The breakdown of the 391 fatalities of the construction industry shows that 'struck by an object' accident had 30 fatalities, the 3rd in frequency following falling (235) and crashing (32) accidents. This study aims to explore ways to reduce the 'struck by an object' accident with emphasis on safety education and certificate system for rigging and slinging works. This study reviews literature on rigging and slinging works and analyzes 'struck by an object' accidents. The rules and regulation on the rigging and slinging works are also reviewed both for Korea and other countries with best practices in construction safety such as Singapore, Japan, U.K., and U.S. The rigging and slinging certificate systems of those countries are also reviewed to find any advantage in the construction safety management. In addition, a pilot rigging and slinging certificate system was executed in one of domestic construction site followed by two surveys: one on the riggers who participated in the pilot operation and the other on general managers in domestic construction sites. Based on the analysis of the 'struck by an object' accidents and pilot operation, this study proposes a rigging and slinging certificate system to reduce accidents, enhancing safety condition of construction sites. The certificate system was proposed in a way to accommodate working practice of construction sites. Depending on rigging careers and a crane load capacity, riggers are eligible to apply either basic or master certificate which makes difference in the level of rigging works. The safety condition of rigging and slinging work could be substantially enhanced if workers, managers, supervisors, administrators, and policy makers work together consistently.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
• /
• 통권49호
• /
• pp.247-265
• /
• 2017

3D애니메이션에서 표현 할 수 있는 캐릭터 애니메이션의 범위가 점점 다양, 정교해지고 복잡해짐에 따라 애니메이팅 퀄리티에 가장 직접적으로 영향을 줄 수 있는 리깅의 중요성은 더욱 더 커져가고 있다. 또한 3D애니메이션 제작 프로덕션과정에서 퀄리티 이상으로 중요한 부분이 모든 제작 공정의 신속성이며 가장 많은 인원이 투입되고 가장 오랜 시간이 걸리는 애니메이팅 프로세스를 위하여 테크니컬 디렉터(TD)들의 정확하고 신속한 리깅 프로세스 파이프라인 구축과 애니메이팅 과정 중 발생하는 오류와 수정사항에 대하여 즉각적인 대처와 적용의 중요성은 더욱 대두되고 있다. 테크니컬 디렉터란 3D애니메이션 제작이 고도화 되어가면서 새로 등장한 직업으로 각 제작 프로세스간의 흐름을 원활하게 하고 작업의 효율성과 기술적 지원을 하는 직무이다. 해외 메이저 애니메이션 스튜디오의 경우 파이프라인 테크니컬 디렉터, 리깅 테크니컬 디렉터, 렌더팜 테크니컬 디렉터 등 세분화하여 인력을 운용하고 있다. 해외 메이저 스튜디오 같은 경우 대부분 인하우스(In-house) 소프트웨어를 자체 개발하여 리깅, 애니메이션 프로세스를 처리하고 있고 소프트웨어의 개발 코드를 가짐으로서 작품의 방향성에 적합하게 프러덕션 파이프라인을 자유롭게 개발, 변형해 애니메이터들이 애니메이팅을 하는데 있어 최적의 환경을 구축해 주기 위한 노력을 하고 있다. 그러나 자체 인하우스(In-house)소프트웨어를 개발하거나 테크니컬 디렉터를 고용 할 여력이 없는 영세업체들, 개인 창작자들, 학생들이 작품에 적합한 리깅 프로세스를 개발하고 적용, 안정화시키기에는 너무 많은 노력과 비효율적인 시간, 자본이 들기 마련이다. 본 연구에서는 시중에 출시된 여러 오토 리깅 툴 중에 본 연구의 대상이 되는 사람들에게 가장 적합한 오토 리깅 툴을 제시하고 3D 캐릭터 리깅에 대한 지식이 부족한 사람들에게 가장 정확하고 신속한 오토 리깅 프로세스 설정 방법을 제시하며 프로덕션 파이프라인에 오토 리깅 툴을 사용 시에 그 효율성에 대하여 고찰하였다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
• /
• The 6th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
• /
• pp.712-713
• /
• 2015

In recent years, the bid-rigging in public construction markets has been treated as a critical issue in Fair Trade Commission. The investigation revealed that the collusion was implemented extensively in every area from the material supply to the construction service of general contractors. This study reviewed the causes of the bid-rigging in public construction projects, and proposed the improvement plan to eradicate bad practices. Firstly, the causes and purposes of bid-rigging were categorized into two types of internal factors from construction companies and external environment factors influencing business activities. Secondly, the system development method was explained to detect the signs of bid-rigging based on the technical proposal documents in open tender. The detection systems of repetitive public owner also provide the function of sharing data on the companies and cases to violate the fair trade regulation. In addition, the problems and improvement direction of public procurement policies were discussed.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.36-44
• /
• 2023

입찰담합에 따른 공공재정 손실, 경쟁 저해, 신뢰 하락 등의 문제에 대응하기 위해, 공공 건설공사 입찰실무자의 담합 가능성을 예측하고 대응 방안을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 FTT (Fraud Triangle Theory)의 기회, 압력, 합리화 요인을 분석하여 입찰담합 예방 및 대응 방안을 도출한다. 종합·전문 건설업체의 입찰실무자를 대상으로 한 설문 조사를 통해 FTT 연구모형을 검증하고, 결과를 통해 입찰실무자의 담합 가능성을 예측하는 데 활용한다. 연구 결과, 압력이 높을수록, 기회가 많을수록, 합리화가 강할수록 개인의 담합 가능성이 커지는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 기회가 많을수록, 합리화가 강할수록 타인의 담합 가능성도 커지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 현상을 이해하여 입찰담합 예방을 위한 정책 개발에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제37권6호
• /
• pp.1053-1061
• /
• 2017

본 연구는 건설공사 입찰담합으로 인해 발생한 손해액에 대하여 합리적이고 과학적인 결정을 할 수 있도록 개선방안을 제시하는데 연구 목적이 있다. 입찰담합 손해액에 대한 선행 연구 및 판결 사례 등을 검토한 결과 손해액 산정방법에 대한 분류체계가 미비하고 손해액을 결정하는 과정에 필요한 단계의 누락 등이 대표적인 문제점으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 첫째, 입찰담합 손해액의 산정방법에 대하여 개선된 분류체계를 제시하였으며, 가격 및 비용 등의 손해액 산정 기준요소 이외에 비율(ratio)요소를 추가하여 건설공사 입찰담합의 경우에 적용이 가능하도록 하였다. 둘째, 입찰담합 손해배상이 청구된 경우 그 손해액의 결정에 필요한 과정을 여섯 단계로 구성한 표준절차를 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 개선 분류체계 및 표준절차를 통하여 당사자 일방에게 부당한 부담이 되는 문제점을 해소하고 분쟁을 조기에 해결하도록 하여 기회손실 등을 방지하는데 기초가 되고자 한다.

• 수산해양교육연구
• /
• 제28권6호
• /
• pp.1561-1572
• /
• 2016

The ability to handle materials from one location to another, whether during transit or at the worksite is vital to all segments of industry. To varying degrees, many personnel in numerous workplaces take part in materials handling. Consequently, some employees are injured. In fact, rigging & slinging is a dangerous work using a crane and sling equipment to carry a cargo and the mishandling of materials is the single largest cause of accidents and injuries in the workplace. The majority of accidents associated with cranes and other lifting appliances are caused by faulty slinging, overloading, unbalanced loads, etc. which result in the load falling or tipping out of control, causing injury to people, damage to plant, machinery and the load. Therefore, recognizing the dangers of the works, there are much technical support including skill training in various institutes to minimize accidents during works on land. Although rigging work at sea is much dangerous than on land work because it needs to take account of the movements of the ships and waves, etc. in addition to land based rigging hazards, it is insufficient in appropriate actions that can improve the safety of the workers at sea. Therefore, this study suggested a rigging and slinging course for seafarers to improve their safety at sea by researching hazards and risk of rigging works and related skill training conducted on land.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.162-169
• /
• 2019

Facial rigging technology has been developing more and more since the 21st century. Facial rigging of various methods is still attempted and a technique of capturing the geometry in real time recently also appears. Currently Modern CG is produced image which is hard to distinguish from actual photograph. However, this kind of technology still requires a lot of equipment and cost. The purpose of this study is to perform facial rigging using muscle simulation instead of using such equipment. Original muscle simulations were made primarily for use in the body of a creature. In this study, however, we use muscle simulations for facial rigging to create a more realistic creature-like effect. To do this, we used Ziva Dynamics' Ziva VFX muscle simulation software. We also develop a method to overcome the disadvantages of muscle simulation. Muscle simulation can not be applied in real time and it takes time to simulate. It also takes a long time to work because the complex muscles must be connected. Our study have solved this problem using blendshape and we want to show you how to apply our method to face rig.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정보통신학회 2021년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.361-363
• /
• 2021

디지털 캐릭터 리깅은 애니메이션의 생동감을 높이는 중요한 기술이며, 다양하고 복잡한 방식의 리깅 시스템이 많다. 이에 자연스러운 움직임을 위한 모션 테스트를 물고기로 진행한다. 왜냐하면, 2족, 4족 캐릭터의 자료들은 더러 있으나, 물고기(0족) 움직임에 관한 연구의 자료는 많이 없다. 물고기 움직임 제작의 다양성과 복잡성이 증가하면서 비효율적인 시간과 자본도 요구된다. 물고기 특성에 맞는 골조 시스템을 어떻게 만들 것인지는, 어떻게 효율적이고 민첩한 리깅 프로세스를 만드느냐에 달려있다. 본 연구는 높은 시간비용의 리깅 기술 문제를 해결할 수 있는 어드밴스드 스켈레톤(Advanced Skeleton) 기반의 애니메이션 리깅 제작 프로세스와 Maya Rig를 비교하여, 어드밴스드 스켈레톤(Advanced Skeleton)의 장점을 활용해 최적의 자동 리깅 툴을 모색하고, 물고기 애니메이션 연구 범주를 넓힐 것에 목적을 두고 있다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
• /
• 제20권12호
• /
• pp.101-106
• /
• 2015

This paper suggests heuristic algorithm with polynomial time complexity for rigging elections problem that can be obtain the optimal solution using linear programming. The proposed algorithm transforms the given problem into adjacency graph. Then, we divide vertices V into two set W and D. The set W contains majority distinct and the set D contains minority area. This algorithm applies divide-and-conquer method that the minority area D is include into majority distinct W. While this algorithm using simple rule, that can be obtains the optimal solution equal to linear programing for experimental data. This paper shows polynomial time solution finding rule potential in rigging elections problem.