• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 1987

수도재배환경중(水稻栽培環境中) carbofuran의 흡수(吸收), 이행(移行) 및 잔류양상(殘留樣相)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 소형수도재배구(小型水稻栽培區)를 이용(利用), carbofuran 입제(粒劑)를 2수준(水準)으로 살포(撒布)하고 시기별(時期別)로 수질(水質), 수도체(水稻體),토양(土壤) 및 수확물중(收穫物中) 잔류수준(殘留水準)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 수면살포(水面撒布)한 carbofuran 입제(粒劑)는 빠른 속도(速度)로 용출(溶出)되어 수질중(水質中) carbofuran 농도(濃度)는 처리(處理) 1일이내(日以內)에 최고치(最高値)에도 달하였다. 용출(溶出)된 carbofuran은 수도체(水稻體)로 흡수(吸收), 이행(移行)되어 처리(處理) 1∼3일(日) 후(後)에 최고치(最高値)에 도달하였으며 그 이후(以後) 완만한 감소(減少) 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 수질중(水質中) carbofuran의 반감기(半減期)는 4일(日)이었고 토양중(土壤中)에서의 반감기(半減期)는 처리수준(處理水準)에 따라 8∼12일(日)이었다. 수확물중(收穫物中) carbofuran 잔류량(殘留量)은 현미(玄米)의 경우 0.01∼0.02ppm이었으며 볏짚에서는 0.37∼0.07ppm의 범위(範圍)였다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.174-184
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• 2015

OECD Test guideline 501에 따라, 벼에서의 [$^{14}C$]butachlor의 식물대사 시험을 실시하였다. 시험토양은 국내 논토양의 대표적인 토성인 양토였으며, 사용지침서상의 사용법에 준하여 이앙 6일 후 [$^{14}C$]butachlor를 입제로 조제하여 1.5 kg/ha 수준으로 토양 수면에 처리하였다. 시료는 시험물질 처리 후 85일과 126일에 채취하였다. 85일 시료는 이삭, 벼 잎, 뿌리로 126일 후 시료는 현미, 왕겨, 볏짚, 뿌리로 분리하였다. 모든 식물 부위의 총 방사성 잔류량은 0.01 mg/kg 이상이었다. 그 후, 대사산물과 모화합물를 확인하기 위하여 극성이 다른 유기용매와 물 혼합용액을 이용하여 시료를 추출 후 Radio-HPLC로 분석하였다. 벼 추출액 중 butachlor는 검출되지 않았고, 5개의 잠정적 주요 대사산물(M1, M2, M3, M4 그리고 M5)이 검출되었으며, 대사산물 중 M4는 2,6-diethylanline로 동정되었다. 토양 추출액에서 N-(butoxymethyl)-N-(2,6-diethyl phenyl)acetamide, 2,6-diethylaniline, M2, M3 그리고 M5가 검출되었으며 butachlor의 농도는 낮은 수준 (약 0.03 mg/kg)으로 검출되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.134-138
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• 2001

This experiment evaluates wintering ability to maintain green color of lawn grasses during winter and investigates the effects of top dressing of fertilizer on improving green color during regrowth. Kentucky blue-grass could maintain green color and leaf chlorophyll content better than tall fescue and creeping bentgrass in winter. All three grasses in this experiment have shown the excellent wintering ability. In enhancing the recovery of green color at the early stage of regrowth, the mulching effect with rice straw was highly significant for creeping bentgrass. Green color recovery in grasses during its regrowth was better at the top dressing plots than at the plots without top dressing, but when fertilizer application levels were increased, green color in lawn grass did not significantly change. Although green color in tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and Korean lawngrass could be maintained during summer, the green color of creeping bentgrass is reduced significantly with high temperature. Top dressing after winter and mowing improved leaf chlorophyll content and green color in tail fescue and Kentucky bluegrass significantly. However, Korean lawngrass did not respond significantly with increased levels of fertilizer.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.371-377
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• 1996

소규모(小規模) 돼지사육농가(飼育農家)에서 배출(排出)되는 축산폐수(畜産廢水)를 효율적(效率的)으로 처리(處理)함과 동시(同時)에 재활용(再活用)할 수 있는 방도(方途)로서 볏짚을 살수여상처리충전재(撒水濾床處理充塡材)로 사용(使用)하였다. 폐수처리(廢水處理) 후(後) 볏짚을 건조(乾燥) 분쇄(粉碎)하여 토양(土壤)에 첨가(添加)한 후(後) 오그라기 상추를 재배(栽培)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 일반적(一般的)인 농가퇴비(農家堆肥)에 비해 살수여상처리충전재(撒水濾床處理充塡材)로 사용된 짚의 시용에 따른 수량지수(數量指數)가 월등(越等)하게 높았다. 기본시비(基本施肥)(N.P.K.)에 처리(處理)된 짚 700kg/10a에서부터 2100kg/10a에 이르기까지 계속수량지수(繼續數量指數)가 향상(向上)되었다. 2. 짚의 시용(施用)이 토양(土壤) pH 값을 상승(上昇)시키는 효과(效果)가 있었음에 반(反)해 T-N, Avail $P_2O_5$, OM, 그리고 CEC에는 별영향(別影響)이 없었고 치환성(置換性) K와 Ca의 함량(含量)은 증가(增加)했으나 치환성(置換性) Mg의 잔류량(殘留量)은 감소(減少) 했다. 따라서 토양비옥도(土壤肥沃度)의 유지(維持)를 위(爲)해서는 Mg의 보충(補充)이 필요(必要)하였다 3. 살수여상처리충전재(撒水濾床處理充塡材)로 사용(使用)된 짚은 BOD, COD, 그리고 SS를 제거(除去)하는 효율면(效率面)에서 통상적(通常的)인 충전재(充塡材)와 별차이(別差異)가 없었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.85-99
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• 2005

This trial was carried out to determine effects of organic feeds in comparison to conventional diet on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean native goats. Twelve Korean native goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats and then they were housed in separate metabolism cages for 21 days. Treatments included conventional diet (A) as a control group and three organic feed groups (B: organic rice straw, C: organic nee leaves, D: organic mixture of rice straw and tree leaves). The A treatment, conventional diet, consisted of common rice straw and commercial concentrates at a proportion of 60 and 40%, respectively. All ingredients of organic feeds treatments were organically produced-agricultural products without any application of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. Four experimental diets were formulated to have the same ratio of forage to concentrate and similar contents for protein and carbohydrate across treatments and they were offered to goats ad libitum. Feed intake, apparent nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention were investigated. For chemical compositions of experimental diets, all nutrients except crude ash and ether extract were not significantly different across treatments as we expected. Crude ash content was highest in the A treatment (P<0.05), however, it was not significantly different among organic feeds treatments. Ether extract content was higher (P<0.05) in C and D treatments than in A and B. Even if dry matter intakes for organic feeds treatments were not significantly different among them, they were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with conventional diet. Fecal excreta were not significantly different across treatments, resulting in significantly higher digestible dry matter (g/day) in treatments of organic feeds (P<0.01). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) were more increased (P<0.01) in treatments of organic feeds compared with conventional diet. Digestibilities for most of nutrients except NFC had the same trend as ADG and FE, however, NFC digestibilities for C and D treatments were significantly lower (P<0.01) than those of A and B. Nitrogen intakes for organic feeds treatments were significantly higher (P<0.001) than conventional diet, with no difference among organic feeds treatments. Fecal nitrogen loss was higher (P<0.05) for C and D treatments than for A and B. Retained nitrogen contents were significantly higher (P<0.05) for organic feeds treatments than for conventional diet, but nitrogen retention rate did not show any difference across treatments. The results showed that organic feed supplementation more improved feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in comparison with conventional diet, and thus they could be concluded that organic feeds might contribute to animal performance and a safer production of animal product.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.124-132
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Silver grass (Miscanthus sinensis) No. 1 was developed for production of bio-ethanol, and for the purpose the silver grass growing sector was established in Geumgang basin, Iksan, Jeonbuk, in 2011. However, the other application potentials except for using as the bio-energy resources should be considered because of the drop in international oil prices. Therefore, there is the necessity of a scientific basis to use the silver grass instead of rice straw as the organic matter source that is used for improvement of soil quality in the plastic film house. METHODS AND RESULTS: The silver grass was applied at 5, 10, 15 and 20 Mg/ha and tilled before the watermelon was planted in the plastic film-house. The control plot was treated with 10 Mg/ha with rice straw, and watermelons have been cultivated for 3 years(2017~2019). Soil aggregation, soil chemistry, and the growth characteristics were investigated, when the watermelon was harvested every year. Soil aggregation levels at the 2nd and 3rd year of watermelon harvest were similar from the plot applied with the silver grass at 5 Mg/ha and the control plot, and increased in the silver grass treated plots with more than 10 Mg/ha. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the plots. The nitrogen mineralization of silver grass in the control plot tended to be similar to the 5 Mg/ha plot, but the silver grass treated plots with over 10 Mg/ha showed low nitrogen mineralization. Soil EC on harvest stage was proportional to the applied mass of the silver grass, but pH was in inverse with the applied mass. Soil organic matter content, available phosphate, and exchangeable cations increased with the continued use of silver grass. Watermelon weight found to be the best on more than 15 Mg/ha of silver grass, and the sugar content was highest when 10 Mg/ha was treated. CONCLUSION: The use of the silver grass at 10 Mg/ha annually as the organic source was effective in replacing rice straw while growing fruits and vegetables on the plastic film house.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.391-418
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• 1983

질소질 비료로서 황산암모니아와 요소를 시용하는 경우 수도의 생육과 양분흡수에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 수원 26004와 진흥을 공시하여 묘대의 종류를 달리한 시험과 폿트에서 황산암모니아 및 요소의 시용 비율을 달리하고, 황산나트륨을 첨가한 시험, 그리고 양 비종을 각각 장기간 연용해온 논에서 시험을 수행한 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 황산암모니아와 요소의 시용에 따른 수도묘의 생육 및 양분 흡수에 관한 시험에서는 1. 초장 및 묘의 건물중은 황산암모니아의 시용이 요소 시용보다 크고 특히 보온 밭 못자리에서 그 효과가 컸다. 2. 황산암모니아의 시용은 묘의 엽록소 함량을 증대시켰는데 수원 26004가 진흥보다 반응이 더 컸다. 3. 주요 무기성분의 흡수에 미치는 영향은 양 품종 모두 황산암모니아구가 요소구보다 크고 모대에 따라서는 보온 밭 못자리가 보온절충못자리보다 크며 특히 질소와 가리의 흡수를 증대시켰다. 4. 식물체의 황과 주요 무기성분과의 상관관계는 대부분 정의 상관이었으며 수원 26004가 진흥보다 그 관계가 더 뚜렷하였다. 황산암모니아 및 요소의 시용비율, 그리고 황산나트륨을 첨가한 풋트시험에서는 1. 수도의 간발, 수수, 엽중 및 정조 수량은 황산암모니아의 시용비율이 높아질수록 증대하였으며 황산나트륨의 첨가구는 저하하였다. 2. 출수전후기의 엽면적, 엽록소 함량 및 건물중은 황산암모니아의 시용비율이 높아질수록 증대하였으며 황산나트륨의 첨가는 엽록소 함량만을 증대시켰다. 3. 황산암모니아의 시용비율이 높아질수록 질소 및 칼리의 함량은 증가하였고 칼슘 함량은 감소하였는데 황산나트륨의 첨가시용도 같은 경향이었다. 3. 황산암모니아의 시용비율이 높아질수록, 그리고 황산나트륨의 첨가시용으로 출수기 지엽의 광합성 용력이 증대되었으며 수원 26004가 진흥보다 그 반응이 더 뚜렷하였다. 5. 염록소 함량 및 건물중과 엽신의 황의 함량과는 정의 상관을 보였으며 수원 26004가 진흥보다 더 큰 상관을 보였다. 황산암모니아와 요소를 각각 연용해온 논에서의 시험은 1. 엽록소 함량 및 건물중은 황산암모니아 시용구에서 더 컸으며 수확기 볏짚중의 질소 및 주요 무기성분의 함량은 황산암모니아구가 커서 양분의 잠재능력이 요소구보다 컸다. 2. 황산암모니아의 시용은 수수 및 등숙율을 높히는 경향이었고 통계적인 유의차는 없었으나 수량이 증대되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.451-456
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• 2014

Organic amendment practices can influence diversity and activities of soil microorganisms. There is a need to investigate this impact compared with other types of materials. This study was carried out to evaluate the long term effects of chemical and organic fertilizer on soil microbial community in upland field. During the last 11 years green manure, rice straw compost, rapeseed cake, pig mature compost, NPK, and NPK + pig mature compost were treated in upland soil. Organic fertilizer treatment found with high bacterial colony forming units (CFUs) as compared to chemical and without fertilizer treatment. There was no significant difference in the actinomycetes and fungal population. The average well color development (AWCD) value was the highest in green manure and, the lowest in without fertilizer treatment. Analyses based on the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profile showed that rice straw compost and pig mature compost had a similar banding pattern while rapeseed cake, NPK, NPK + pig mature compost and without fertilizer treatment were clustered in another cluster and clearly distinguished from green manure treatment. Bacterial diversity can be highly increased by the application of organic fertilizer while chemical fertilizer had less impact. It can be concluded that green manure had a beneficial impact on soil microbial flora, while, the use of chemical fertilizer could affect the soil bacterial communities adversely.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

The objective of this research was to experimentally test the effect of tillage methods on the reduction of runoff, non-point source (NPS) pollution load, sediment and discharge under a rainfall simulation. We used the runoff plots of $5m{\times}30m$ ($L{\times}W$) in size. Experimental treatments were conventional tillage (CT), CT-rice straw bundle (CT-RSB) and two no-till (NT) plots; slope of 3 % or 8 % ; and rainfall intensity of 30 mm/hr. The rainfall simulation was conducted to three times. The time to initial runoff from NT plots was less than that from CT plots regardless of the slope and it was delayed about 65~90 % compared to that of CT plot. And sediment discharge of 8 % slope reduced to 55 % compared to CT plot. But the sediment discharge was not occurred at 3 % slope. The NT and CT-RSB methods have a great possibility of reducing runoff and NPS pollution loads. Runoff rate of NT plots was significantly lower than those of CT plot. The average NPS pollution loads of the NT plots and CT-RSB plot reduced about 55~80 % and 2.1~40 % compared to those of the CT plots, respectively. It was also shown that runoff and NPS pollution loads reduction by NT method could be very significant and contribute to improve the water quality of streams in agricultural regions. It was concluded that the use of NT method on agricultural fields could reduce soil erosion and muddy runoff significantly and help improve the water quality and aquatic ecosystem.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제19권spc호
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• pp.190-193
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• 2011

Organic and chemical fertilizer amendments are an important agricultural practice for increasing crop yields. In order to maintain the soil sustainability, it is important to monitor the effects of fertilizer applications on the shift of soil microorganism, which control the cycling of many nutrients in the soils. Here, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to analyze the soil microorganism and community structure under six fertilization treatments, including green manure, rice straw compost, rapeseed cake, pig mature compost, NPK +pig mature compost, NPK and control. Both organic and chemical fertilizers caused a shift of the cultural microorganism CFUs after treatments. Bacterial CFUs of the organic fertilization treatments were significantly higher than that of chemical fertilization treatments. The DGGE profiles of the bacterial communities of the samples showed that the green manure treatment was a distinct difference in bacterial community, with a greater complexity of the band pattern than other treatments. Cluster analyses based on the DGGE profile showed that rice straw compost and pig mature compost had a similar banding pattern and clustered together firstly. Rapeseed cake, NPK, NPK +pig manure compost and control clustered together in other sub-cluster and clearly distinguished from green manure.