• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.517-528
• /
• 2010

Rice seed maturation and germination involve drastic changes in water and nutrient transport, in which tonoplast aquaporins may play an important role. In the present study, gene expression profiles of 10 tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIP) from rice were investigated by RT-PCR during seed development and germination. OsTIP3;1 and OsTIP3;2 were specifically expressed in mature seeds. Their transcript level rapidly decreased after onset of seed germination and gene expression was induced by ABA treatment. In contrast, expression of OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 was not seed specific as transcripts were found in vegetative tissues as well. Their respective transcript levels decreased at an early stage of seed development, whereas they increased at a later stage of seed germination and elongation of embryonic roots and shoots. When seed germination was inhibited by various stress conditions and ABA, expression of OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 was completely suppressed. In contrast, the expression level of OsTIP2;2 rapidly increased after seed imbibition and the transcript level was maintained under conditions inhibiting seed germination. These results implicate that tissue specific and developmental transcriptional regulation of OsTIPs in rice seeds depends on their specific function. In addition, OsTIPs can be discriminated by different potential phosphorylation and methylation sites in their protein structures. OsTIP3;1 and OsTIP3;2 possess unique phosphorylation signatures at their N-terminal domain, loop B and loop E, respectively. OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 have a potential methylation site at their Nterminal domain. This suggests that activity of specific tonoplast aquaporins may be regulated by post-translational modification as well as by transcriptional control.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.18 no.2 s.39
• /
• pp.63-71
• /
• 1979

Tests were made to find new non-mercurious seed disinfectants that were best for rice seeds. For these experiments four seed samples carr)?ing natural infection of Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae, and Fusarium moniliforme were used and the following fungicides were used; Zinc Omadine, Sodium Omadine, Panoctine, Tecto-F, Benlate-T, Homai, Sisthane, $P_{242}$, Busan 30, Tecto-Wp and Terracoat Zn. Blotter method and water agar plate method used in the laboratory and growing-on test used in greenhouse. Results have shown that Sisthane, $P_{242}$ and Sodium Omadine have equal or superior effect to organic mercury compound against P. oryzae, H. oryzae, and F. moniliforme. Benlate T and Homai are effective against blast and Bakanae disease, but are inferior to organic mercury compound against brown spot disease. Busan 30 and Panoctine are effective against blast and brown spot disease, but have moderately inferior effects against F. monilifome. It is considered that the recommendable testing methods of seed treatment were blotter method for P. oryzae and water agar plate method for H, oryzae and F. moniliforme according to the experimental results obtained. No phytotoxicity against seed germination and seedling growth were observed when treated with disinfectants before germination of seeds.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.32-36
• /
• 1977

Experiments were conducted to know the effects of seed bed temperatures on the sprouting of seeds and seedling growth in the phytotron and field. Sprouting of seeds were most uniform when seed bed was stored under the straw and vinyl mulching for 48 hours after seed bed temperature increased up to 3$0^{\circ}C$ by the sun. In the phytotron, optimum temperature was 32$^{\circ}C$ for sprouting and day/night temperature of 25/30 and 20/15$^{\circ}C$ for greening and hardening of seedlings, respectively. In the field, the best results were obtained under the conditions of sprouting in the seedling chamber heated by electricity and greening the hardening under the double vinyl tunnel in the upland nusery bed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.40 no.8
• /
• pp.769-778
• /
• 2007

Using ICP-AES, we analyzed manganese content in 366 foods consumed frequently by Koreans. For the analysis, it was included a total of 366 foods such as 51 kinds of grains, 7 kinds of potatoes and starches, 7 kinds of sugars and sweeteners, 12 kinds of legumes, 11 kinds of nuts and seeds, 68 kinds of vegetables, 7 kinds of mushrooms, 33 kinds of fruits, 13 kinds of meats, 4 kinds of eggs, 48 kinds of fishes and shellfishes, 7 kinds of seaweeds, 16 kinds of milks, 8 kinds of oils and fats, 27 kinds of beverages, 34 kinds of seasonings, 13 kinds of processed foods and others. Among the grains, starches and sugars, manganese content of rice was 0.745 mg/100g. As for legumes, the content of manganese in soybean milk was 0.033 mg/100g and in black beans was 4.075 mg/100g. In nuts and seeds, the content of manganese in gingko nuts was 0.268 mg/100g while that in pine nuts was 8.872 mg/100g. Among the vegetables, manganese contents were 0.061 mg/100g in cherry tomato and 14.017 mg/100g in ginger. In mushrooms, the highest manganese content was displayed in ear mushroom at 10.382 mg/100g. Dried jujube and shrimp were found to be the fruits and fishes with high manganese contents at 2.985 mg/100g and 3.512 mg/100g, respectively. Among dairy foods, oils and beverages, manganese content was the highest in instant coffee powder at 2.577 mg/100g. Seasonings and processed foods posted 0.010 mg/100g in Sagolgomtang, instant soup and 23.846 mg/100g in pepper. In a furture, more various food for manganese content needs to be analyzed and a reliable food database should be compiled from the findings of researches in order to estimate manganese consumption accurately.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.321-331
• /
• 2020

Background: The patatin-related phospholipase AIII family (pPLAIIIs) genes alter cell elongation and cell wall composition in Arabidopsis and rice plant, suggesting diverse commercial purposes of the economically important medicinal ginseng plant. Herein, we show the functional characterization of a ginseng pPLAIII gene for the first time and discuss its potential applications. Methods: pPLAIIIs were identified from ginseng expressed sequence tag clones and further confirmed by search against ginseng database and polymerase chain reaction. A clone showing the highest homology with pPLAIIIβ was shown to be overexpressed in Arabidopsis using Agrobacterium. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze ginseng pPLAIIIβ expression. Phenotypes were observed using a low-vacuum scanning electron microscope. Lignin was stained using phloroglucinol and quantified using acetyl bromide. Results: The PgpPLAIIIβ transcripts were observed in all organs of 2-year-old ginseng. Overexpression of ginseng pPLAIIIβ (PgpPLAIIIβ-OE) in Arabidopsis resulted in small and stunted plants. It shortened the trichomes and decreased trichome number, indicating defects in cell polarity. Furthermore, OE lines exhibited enlarged seeds with less number per silique. The YUCCA9 gene was downregulated in the OE lines, which is reported to be associated with lignification. Accordingly, lignin was stained less in the OE lines, and the expression of two transcription factors related to lignin biosynthesis was also decreased significantly. Conclusion: Overexpression of pPLAIIIβ retarded cell elongation in all the tested organs except seeds, which were longer and thicker than those of the controls. Shorter root length is related to auxinresponsive genes, and its stunted phenotype showed decreased lignin content.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.188-195
• /
• 2013

Antioxidants are an important group of medicinal preventive compounds as well as being food additives inhibiting detrimental changes of easily oxidizable nutrients. The present investigation has been carried out to evaluate the antioxidant properties of different solvent extracts of Agriophyllum pungens seeds by various in vitro systems. The antioxidative activities of these samples were determined using four methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'- azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), and hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging activities. Additionally, total flavonoids and phenolic contents (TPC) were also determined. Yield of extracts varied widely among solvents and was the highest for water extract (5.642% based on dry weight basis), while ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (0.149 mg/mL), total flavonoid content (0.111 mg/mL), and antioxidant activities (P<0.05). The ABTS radical scavenging activity of A. pungens seeds occurred in the following order: ascorbic acid (92.9157%)>BHA (90.1503%)> ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (87.7527%)>APEA (83.9887%) >APWR (75.5633%); the antioxidant activity of the extracts might be attributed to the presence of these phenolics. This suggests that A. pungens seed extract is a potential source of natural antioxidants, which could be added to dietary supplements to help prevent oxidative stress.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.83-90
• /
• 2020

In this paper, a web-based seed phenotype visualization support system is proposed to extract and visualize data such as the surface color, length, area, perimeter and compactness of seed, which is phenotype information from the image of soybean/rice seeds. This system systematically stores data extracted from seeds in databases, and provides a web-based user interface that facilitates the analysis of data by researchers using data tables and charts. Conventional seed characteristic studies have been manually measured by humans, but the system developed in this paper allows researchers to simply upload seed images for analysis and obtain seed's numerical data after image processing. It is expected that the proposed system will be able to obtain time efficiency and remove spatial restriction, if it is used in seed characterization research, and it will be easy to analyze through systematic management of research results and visualization of the phenotype characteristics.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2007

To develop rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to be planted on salt-affected sites, cell lines with enhanced proline content and resistance to growth inhibition by Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZCA), a proline analogue, were screened out among calli irradiated with gamma ray of 50, 70, 90, and 120 Gy. The calli had been derived from embryo culture of the cultivar Donganbyeo. Selected AZCA resistant lines that had high proline accumulation were used as sources for selection of NaCl resistant lines. To determine an optimum concentration for selection of NaCl resistant lines, Donganbyeo seeds were initially cultured on the media containing various NaCl concentrations (0 to 2.5%) for 40 days, and 1.5% NaCl concentration was determined as the optimum concentration. One hundred sixteen salt-tolerant (ST) lines were selected from bulked 20,000 seeds of the AZCA resistant $M_{3}$ seeds in the medium containing 1.5% NaCl. The putative 33 lines ($M_{4}$ generation) considered with salt-tolerance were further analyzed for salt tolerance, amino acid and ion contents, and expression patterns of the salt tolerance-related genes. Out of the 33 lines, 7 lines were confirmed to have superior salt tolerance. Based on growth comparison of the entries, the selected mutant lines exhibited greater shoot length with average 1.5 times, root length with 1.3 times, root numbers with 1.1 times, and fresh weight with 1.5 times than control. Proline contents were increased maximum 20%, 100% and 20% in the leaf, seed and callus, respectively, of the selected lines. Compared to control, amino acid contents of the mutants were 24 to 29%, 49 to 143%, 32 to 60% higher in the leaf, seed and callus, respectively. The ratio of $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ for most of the ST-lines were lower than that of control, ranging from 1.0 to 3.8 for the leaf and 11.5 to 28.5 for the root, while the control had 3.5 and 32.9 in the leaf and root, respectively. The transcription patterns for the P5CS and NHXI genes observed by RT-PCR analysis indicated that these genes were actively expressed under salt stress. The selected mutants will be useful for the development of rice cultivar resistant to salt stress.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study is to analyse the regional variation of tenancy system in later Yi-Dynasty in Korea. Materials for the analysis are acquired through materials(韓國土地農産調査報告), published in 1905 and agricultural census published in 1912. For the identification of difference of tenancy system between agricultural region, regionalization are conducted through by crop combination. Crop combination structure, using rank of LQ index, was clustered into five generic lesions through cluster analysis. In these contexts, this study has come to following conclusions. There are three types of tenancy system in materials; (1) Doji(賭地) system of which landrent was 1/3 agricultural products. Tenant healed the land tax and seeds. (2) Byoengjak(竝作) system of which landrent was 1/2 agricultural products. Landlords healed the land tax and seeds (3) Jeongaek(定額法) system of which landrent was fixed without relation to annual products. But through the analysis of relationship between agricultural region and tenancy system, a new tenancy system could be identified : Byeongjak(竝作) II system. In this system, landrent was 1/2 of agricultural products, but landlord and tenant shared the landtax and seed in common. In the distribution of these systems, relationship between tenancy system and agricultural regions could be identified. Doji system was distributed in the regions where rice and double cropping was specialized. But Byoeongjak(竝作) system was distributed in the regions where upland crops are specialized and ratio of Paddy field is comparatively low. Especially new types were emenged where ratio of paddy field was very low. These show that increase of productivity of land didn't induce the development of the right of ownership in land. The development of ownership was emerged only on the rice paddy fields. Barley cultivated through double-cropping passed into tenant's possessions. So nominal landrent in paddy field seemed to be raised, but actual landrent was maintained about 1/3 of Products through double cropping. On the contrary, rights of cultivation is developed through double cropping. As double cropping is developed, competition on paddy field between tenants was intensified. Consequently nominal land rent of Paddy fields should be raised.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.230-239
• /
• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the dietary patterns (DPs) of women during pregnancy. The present study aimed to identify the DPs of pregnant Malaysian women and their associations with socio-demographic, obstetric, and anthropometric characteristics. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 737 participants enrolled in Seremban Cohort Study between 2013 and 2015. Food consumption was assessed using a validated 126-food item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) at four time-points, namely, pre-pregnancy and at each trimester (first, second, and third). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify DPs. RESULTS: Three DPs were identified at each time point and designated DP 1-3 (pre-pregnancy), DP 4-6 (first trimester), DP 7-9 (second trimester) and DP 10-12 (third trimester). DP 1, 4, and 7 appeared to be more prudent diets, characterized by higher intakes of nuts, seeds & legumes, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, eggs, fruits, and milk & dairy products. DP 2, 5, 8, and 11 had greater loadings of condiments & spices, sugar, spreads & creamer, though DP 2 had additional sweet foods, DP 5 and 8 had additional oils & fats, and DP 11 had additional tea & coffee, respectively. DP 3 and 6 were characterized by high protein (poultry, meat, processed, dairy, eggs, and fish), sugars (mainly as beverages and sweet foods), and energy (bread, cereal & cereal products, rice, noodles & pasta) intakes. DP 9 had additional fruits. However, DP 12 had greater loadings of energy foods (bread, cereal & cereal products, rice, noodles & pasta), sugars (mainly as beverages, and sweet foods), and good protein sources (eggs, nuts, seeds & legumes). Malays were more likely to have lower adherence (LA) for DP 1 and 10 than non-Malays. DP 2, 8, and 11 were more prevalent among Malays than non-Malays. Women with a higher education were more likely to have LA for DP 10, and women with a greater waist circumference at first prenatal visit were more likely to show LA for DP 11. CONCLUSIONS: DPs observed in the present study were substantially different from those reported in Western populations. Information concerning associations between ethnicity, waist circumference and education with specific DPs before and throughout pregnancy could facilitate efforts to promote healthy dietary behavior and the overall health and well-being of pregnant women.