• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: For the safety of imported agricultural products, the study was conducted to develop the analytical method of unregistered pesticides in domestic. The analytical method of 6 pesticides, chlorthal-dimethyl, clomeprop, diflufenican, hexachlorobenzene, picolinafen, and propyzamide, for a fast multi-residue analysis were established for two different type crops, orange and brown rice by GC-ECD and confirmed by mass spectrometry. METHODS AND RESULTS: The analytical method was evaluated to limit of quantification, linearity and recoveries. The crop samples were extracted with acetonitrile and performed cleanup by liquid-liquid partition and Florisil SPE to remove co-extracted matrix. The extracted samples were analyzed by GC-ECD with good sensitivity and selectivity of the method. The limits of quantification (LOQ) range of the method with S/N ratio of 10 was 0.02~0.05 mg/kg for orange and brown rice. The linearity for targeted pesticides were $R^2$ >0.999 at the levels ranged from 0.05 to 10.0 mg/kg. The average recoveries ranged from 74.4% to 110.3% with the percentage of coefficient variation in the range 0.2~8.8% at two different spiking levels (0.02 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg) in brown rice. And the average recoveries ranged from 77.8% to 118.4% with the percentage of coefficient variation in the range 0.2~6.6% at two different spiking levels (0.02 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg) in orange. Final determination was by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring (GC/MS/SIM) to identify the targeted pesticides. CONCLUSION: As a result, this developed analytical method can be used as an official method for imported agricultural products.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 2015

This study was performed to establish a single residue analytical method for determining fungicide carpropamid residues in various agricultural commodities. Korean cabbage, apple, brown rice and green pepper were selected as representative crops. Samples were homogenized, extracted with acetone and purified by liquid-liquid partition and Florisil column chromatography. Carpropamid residues were analyzed at 220 nm with reversed phase HPLC equipped octylsilyl and octadecylsilyl column and confirmed using mass spectrometry. ILOQ (Instrumental limit of quantitation) of carpropamid was 2 ng and MLOQ (Method LOQ) was 0.02 mg/kg. Mean recoveries from four kinds of crop samples fortified at three levels (MLOQ, 10LOQ, 100LOQ) in triplicate were in the range of 84~112%. Relative standard deviations of the analytical method were all less than 10%, irrespective of crop types.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.834-843
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• 2011

Bacterial diversity was studied using PCR-DGGE, cloning and sequencing. DNA was isolated from digesta samples from stomach, ileum and colon of 28 weaned piglets (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) fed dry control feed, naturally fermented liquid feed (FE) and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue feed. General bacterial diversity was described using DGGE analysis of the V3 region of 16S rDNA. The microbial populations in the stomach and the ileum were considerably influenced by the diet, while only marginal effects were observed in the colon. There was a large variation of the microbial flora in the stomach between individuals fed non-fermented diets. In contrast, animals fed diet FE had a more uniform microbial flora in the stomach and the ileum compared to the other diets. In total 47 bands from the DGGE profiles were cloned. In stomach, most frequently lactic acid bacteria were found. Feeding diet FE resulted in the occurrence of Pediococcus species in stomach and ileum. In pigs fed the other diets, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus fermentum were found in stomach and ileum. Most of the sequences of bands isolated from colon samples and several from ileum matched to unknown bacteria, which often grouped within Prevotellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae. This study demonstrates that fermented liquid feed affects bacterial diversity and the specific microflora in stomach and ileum, which provides a potential to modulate the gut microflora with dietary means to increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria and improve piglets' health.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1726-1733
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• 2012

The effect of genotype, fibre level and fibre source on gut morphology, environment and microflora was studied using 18 Mong Cai (MC) and 18 Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire (LY) pigs, aged around 60 d. The diets were based on maize, rice bran, soybean meal, fish meal and soybean oil, and cassava residue (CR) or brewer's grain (BG) as fibrous ingredient sources in the high-fibre diets (HF). A low-fibre diet (LF), containing around 200 g NDF/kg dry matter (DM), was formulated without CR and BG as feed ingredients. The HF diets (HF-CR and HF-BG) were formulated to contain around 270 g NDF/kg DM. The experiment was arranged according to a $2{\times}3$ factorial completely randomized design with six replications, and lasted 30 d. Crypt density in ileum was lowest (p<0.05) and villus height in jejunum and ileum were the greatest (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet HF-BG. Villus width in ileum was greatest in pigs fed diets HF-CR and HF-BG (p<0.05). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts in stomach were greatest (p<0.05) and E. coli counts in ileum and colon were lowest (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet HF-CR. The concentration of total organic acids in ileum, caecum and colon were greatest (p<0.05), and pH in ileum and colon were lowest (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet HF-CR. Crypt density in ileum was lowest, and villus height in ileum and villus width in jejunum and ileum was greatest in LY pigs (p<0.05). LAB counts in stomach and ileum were greatest, and E. coli counts in ileum were lowest in MC pigs (p<0.05). The concentration of total organic acids in ileum, caecum and colon were greatest (p<0.05) and pH lowest (p<0.05) in MC pigs.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine nutritional values of different sources of food residues(FR) released in autumn and to compare them with nutrient requirements on NRC standard feeding system of swine. Hospital or cafeteria FR contained more cooked rice and side dishes residues and less vegetable residues and fruit peel, resulting in higher energy and lower fiber contents, compared to apartment complex FR, which had opposite patterns to these results. Chemical composition between hospital and cafeteria FR was almost similar. Salt(NaCl) content was more than 9 folds of NRC swine requirement, but much lower than the maximum tolerant level. Essenial and non-essential amino acids profile was similar among FR sources. Hospital or cafeteria FR protein had a similar pepsin digestibility to soybean meal protein. Apartment complex FR protein, however, had a much lower pepsin digestibility. When NRC nutrient requirements are considered, FR in swine diets could satisfy requirements of protein and all the essential amino acids, 75${\sim}$111% of digestible or metabolizable energy, and most of the major and minor minerals. All the FR contained extremely low levels of toxic heavy metals, indicating that they are completely safe from these toxic substances. It was concluded that hospital or cafeteria FR could be a nutritionally excellent and balanced feed source for swine.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.368-372
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• 2004

The lignin contents between IR-29 and Pokkali were not significantly different in the absence of NaCl, but they were slightly increased at 40 mM NaCl. Although lignin contents were not relatively significantly different between salt treated and control plants, the total yields of alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation ranged from 17.4-20.0 mg/g of cell wall residue at 40 mM NaCl were significantly different compared with control plants (11.8-12.2 mg/g). The total amounts of ester-linked hydroxycin-namic acids in IR-29 were decreased from 14.5 to 9.9mg/g, while Pokkali is almost same levels (14.9-15.0 mg/g) under treated and control with 40 mM NaCl. In contrast, the total amounts of ether-linked hydroxycinnamic acids were increased from 9.4 to 13.9 mg/g together with an opposite trend in Pokkali as a decrease 10.9 to 8.8 mg/g under treated and control with 40 mM NaCl. These results revealed that IR-29 is more sensitive in response to 40 mM NaCl in terms of hydroxycinnamic acids than Pokkali.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 1998

A survey was carried out to investigate into high school girls' food intake pattern and their behavior for weight control. The average height and weight of the subjects were 161cm and 52.9kg, while 53.3% of them usually had breakfast which 83.7% of them had steamed rice and dishes,64.7% of residue (46.7%) them often skipped breakfast because they didn't have to eat. Most of them had lunch which prepared from home at lunch time (75.7%), they cheesed foods at first by taste(71.9%), but they almost didn't consider the nutritional aspects, also they had very small amount of fruits and vegetables. They had snack more than once a day(93.4%), As snack, they used mainly cookies(39%), Ramyun and Ddukbocki(31.5%),and breads(17.6%). Meal time was shown to be short such as 10 or 20 minutes(40.7%), dinner was thought to be the most important meal(66.9%) In spite of their weight was standard(56.68%), they thought their style as fatty(48.1%) and they wanted to reduce weight(90.4%). 90.3% of all subjects were interested in weight control and students with standard sizes(52.7%) and/or/(p<0.05) lean weights(27 1%) had concerning about weight control significantly. The motive of attempt to weight control was shown to be effected by mass communication(49.1%) mainly, When they tried to lose their weight, 66.7% of them depended on their own judgement, while only 1.1% asked for the advice of a doctor. The most effective way to control weight was thought to increase the amount of exercise(52.7%) and to control the amount of food (32.2%).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.9.1-9.5
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• 2016

Background: Literature is lacking on the effects of feeding by-product feed (BF)-based silage on rumen fermentation parameters, nutrient digestion and nitrogen (N) retention in sheep. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of replacing rye straw with BF-based silage as a roughage source on ruminal parameters, total-tract apparent nutrient digestibility, and N balance in sheep. Methods: The by-product feed silage was composed of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) (45 %), recycled poultry bedding (RPB) (21 %), rye straw (11 %), rice bran (10.8 %), corn taffy residue (10 %), protected fat (1.0 %), bentonite (0.6 %), and mixed microbial additive (0.6 %). Six sheep were assigned randomly to either the control (concentrate mix + rye straw) or a treatment diet (concentrate mix + BF-based silage). Results: Compared with the control diet, feeding a BF-based silage diet resulted in similar ruminal characteristics (pH, acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentrations, and acetate: propionate ratio), higher (p < 0.05) ruminal NH3-N, higher (p < 0.05) ether extract digestibility, similar crude protein digestibility, lower (p < 0.05) dry matter, fiber, and crude ash digestibilities, and higher (p < 0.05) N retention (g/d) Conclusion: The BF-based silage showed similar energy value, higher protein metabolism and utilization, and lower fiber digestion in sheep compared to the control diet containing rye straw.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.972-977
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• 1995

The induction of phase II enzymes including quinone reductase [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase(quinone): NAD(P)H : (quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.2] is a major mechanism of whereby a large group of heterogeneous compounds prevent the toxic, mutagenic, and neoplastic effects of carcinogen. Using murine hepatoma cells(Hepalclc7 cells), quinone reductase(QR) inducers as the possible chemopreventive agents were screened from rice bran, wheat bran, soymilk residue, defatted soybean cake, defatted sesame and perilla residues. The 80% methanol extracts of defatted sesame and perilla residues induced quinone reductase significantly while the others did have little effect on the enzyme induction. Thin layer chromatography of the extracts showed that the fastest moving band(Rf=0.70) in the developing solvent of n-butanol : n-propanol : 2N ammonia(10 : 60 : 30) was responsible for the enzyme induction by the 80% methanol extracts of defatted sesame and perilla residues. Further identification of active component(s) is in progress.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.427-431
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• 1997

A simultaneous and rapid gas chromatographic determination of organophosphorus, organo-chlorine, carbamate, and pyrethroid pesticides in polished rice was developed. The pesticides were extracted from samples with acetone by automated soxhlet apparatus and this extract was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in hexane, the solvent was applied to a Sep-Pak florisil catridge, was eluted with 50% ethyl acetate in n-hexane, and was injected to dual GC-ECD/NPD system. This simple method affords a high recovery of hydrophilic pesticides, allows rapid analysis, and is cheap to perform. Except for dichlorvos and captan, recoveries of 46 pesticides were over 60%.