• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-116
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• 1974

A potent intracellular-lipid-producing yeast, Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis SW-17, was screened out from a variety of arable soils, compost heaps, and fodders, and two strains of excellent extracellular-lipid-producing yeasts, Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis SW-5 and Rhodotorula graminis SW-54, were screened out from the surface of many species of leaves. And then the intra- and extra-cellular lipid productions by those Rhodotorula yeasts were studied. The results were as follows: 1. During the shaking culture of 8 days at $24^{\circ}C$, both the intra- and extra-cellular lipid accumulation started almost at the stationary phase of growth, when the nitrogen source in the medium was a little more than half used up. The intracellular lipid production by Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis SW-17 reached 58.42% (w/w) of dried yeast, and the extracellular lipid production by Rhodotorula graminis SW-54 amounted to 2.62g per liter of the medium. 2. After the carbon and nitrogen sources in the medium were almost consumed, if the yeasts were shake-cultured further in a state of starvation, the yeast cells re-utilized the already produced intra- and extra-cellular lipids and the lipids completely disappeared in the medium in about 90 days. 3. The relative concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources in the media greatly influenced both the intra- and extra-cellular lipid production. When the nitrogen source in the medium was almost used up for the growth of yeast, and excess carbon sources were still available, the lipid production vigorously proceeded. As long as the nitrogen source concentration in the medium was high, the lipid production was greatly suppressed. 4. The optimum pH for both the intra- and extra-cellular lipid production by those yeasts was pH 5.0-6.0. 5. The fatty acid components of the intracellular lipid of Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis SW-17 were myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The largest components of the fatty acids were palmitic acid equivalent to 30-45% of the whole fatty acids and oleic acid equivalent to 35-50%. 6. The fatty acid components of the extracellular lipid of Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis SW-5 and Rhodotorula graminis SW-54 were myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, 3-D-hydroxypalmitic, and 3-D-hydroxystearic acids. The largest components of the fatty acids were 3-D-hydroxypalmitic acid equivalent to 22-25% of the acids and 3-D-hydroxystearic acid equivalent to 13-17%. 7. The polyol component of the intracellular lipids was only glycerol, whereas the polyols of extracellular lipids were glycerol, mannitol, xylitol and arabitol.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 1998

The physiochemical properties of extracellular lipid produced by an oleaginous yeast, Rhodotorula glutinis K-501 were examined. From the analytical experiments, it was suggested that the extracellular lipid produced is glycolipidic compound. Critical micelle concentration and minimum surface tension of the extracellular lipid in aqueous solution were 89mg/L and 31dyne/cm, respectively. Surface tension was also constant throughout wide range of pH. The emulsifying abilities and dispersing power of the extracellular lipid were much greater than those of commercial surfactants such as Tween 80 and Triton X-100 by factors of 2-3 and 1.3, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.415-419
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• 2006

The epoxide hydrolase (EH) of Rhodotorula glutinis which has a high enantioselectivity against aromatic epoxide substrates was expressed to high levels in Escherichia coli based on codon usage. We analysed the Preference of codon usage between the yeast, R. glutinis, and bacteria, E. coli. E. coli, Rosetta(DE3)pLysS, harbors pRARE plasmid with tRNA genes for rare-codons was employed as a host strain. The recombinant E. coli expressing R. glutinis EH showed an enhanced enantioselective hydrolysis activity toward racemic styrene oxide. Enantiopure (S)-styrene oxide with a high enantiopurity of 99% ee (enantiomeric excess) was obtained from racemic substrates.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.525-531
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• 2010

This work was aimed at utilizing rice bran as a substrate for $\beta$-carotene production by Rhodotorula glutinis DM 28 under optimized conditions of solid-state fermentation. The biomass and $\beta$-carotene content of Rhodotorula glutinis DM 28 grown on rice bran as a sole substrate under solid-state fermentation were 54 g/kg rice bran and 1.65 mg/kg rice bran, respectively. Its biomass and $\beta$-carotene content, however, could be improved by 60% and 30%, respectively, using the Central Composite Design for the optimization of its cultivation conditions. The optimized conditions obtained were a pH of 5, a moisture content of 70% (w/w), and a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 4. Under these conditions, rice bran containing R. glutinis DM 28 had nutritional values of $\beta$-carotene, protein, and fat higher than those of rice bran alone. Yeast-grown rice bran could be suitable, therefore, to use as a $\beta$-carotene-enriched supplement in animal feeds.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.73-76
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• 1993

227 red yeast strains were isolated from air (60 isolates), plant flowers (45 isolates), soil (40 isolates), water (37 isolates) and dairy products (45 isolates). On the basis of 33 different physiological and morphological properties, the isolated strains were assigned to 6 species belonging to 4 genera. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Cryptococcus albidus were the most dominant species among red yeasts of the air, plant flowers, water and dairy products, whereas Cryptococcus albidus and Rhodotorula glutinis were prevailed in soil. Cryptococcus laurentii was represented by considerable number of strains, whereas the other spesies were of low occurrence. Noteworthy was the isolation of 2 different groups of isolates belonging to Rhodotorula glutinis. These groups were differentiated from each other on the basis of rhamnose, cellobiose and arabinitol assimilation and growth at $37^{\circ}C$. Systematic position of Rhodotorula glutinis was discussed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.243-247
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• 1976

A potent intracellular-lipid-producing yeast, Rhodotrorular glutinis var. glutinis sw-17 was studied on the production of carotenoids after shaking the cultures for 8 days at $25^{\circ}C$. The pigments were extracted with solvents and chromatographed with columns for its isolation. The carotonoids were identified by their positions on the column, and by their light-absorption curves. Close agreement was obtained between the absorption maxima of the isolated pigments and published literature values. The characteristic wave length maxima and the extinction values used for quantitative determination. The caroteniod pigments produced by the yeast were composed of torularhodin(28.52%), torulene(38.16%), neurosporene(1.49%), ${\gamma}-carotene(9.88%)$, ${\beta}$-zeacarotene(2.0%), ${\beta}-carotene(19.95%)$ and ${\delta}-carotene(trace)$.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 1998

An extracellular lipid-producing strain, Rhodotorula glutinis K-501, was isolated from soil. The extracellular lipid produced by the cell was found to have good and stable emulsifying activity. Factors affecting the extracellular lipid production were studied to optimize culture conditions for maximum production. Sucrose and ammonium sulfate were selected as best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively because they gave the highest concentration of product. The optimum C/N ratio was 50. Optimum concentrations of $KH_2PO_4,\; Na_2HPO_4, \;and\; CaCl_2 $were 3.5, 1.0, 0.75, and 0.1g/L, respectively. The optimum temperature and initial pH were determined as $22^{\circ}C$ and 7.0, respectively. When the batch culture was conducted with a sucrose concentration of 60g/L under the optimized conditions, extracellular lipid was produced to a concentration of 8.1g/L with a high production yield of 51.9% based on dry cell weight.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.273-277
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• 2023

The biosorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution was investigated using dried Rhodotorula glutinis as the biosorbent. The effects of pH, initial dye concentration, biosorbent dosage, and kinetic studies were determined to obtain valuable information for biosorption. Results indicated that most of the adsorbed MB bound within 30 minutes of contact and the MB adsorption capacity increased from 21.1 to 101.8 mg/g with the initial MB concentration increased from 50 to 300 mg/L. Additionally, the MB adsorption capacity gradually increased from pH 4.0 to 9.0, reaching its peak at an initial pH of 9.0. As the biomass load was increased from 0.25 to 4.0 g/L, the MB removal efficiency increased from 14.1 to 84.5%. The Langmuir model provided the best fit throughout the concentration range, and the maximum adsorption capacity (q_max) and Langmuir constant (b) were determined to be 135.14 mg/g and 0.026 l/mg, respectively. Furthermore, the biosorbent process of R. glutinis was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics and the calculated q_eq,cal value showed good agreement with the experimental q_eq value. Overall, the biosorption of MB by R. glutinis can be characterized as a monolayer, single site type phenomenon, and the rate-limiting step was determined to be the chemical reaction between the adsorbent and the adsorbate.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.369-374
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• 2008

The effects of reaction temperature and the addition of various detergents on the enantioselective hyrolysis activity of the recombinant Escherichia coli containing the epoxide hydrolase (EH) gene of Rhodotorula glutinis were investigated for the production of enantiopure styrene oxide. The recombinant E. coli harboring the EH gene from R. glutinis exhibited the enantiopreference toward (R)-styrene oxide with the maximum hydrolytic activity of $165.04{\mu}mol/min/mg$ of dry cell weight (dcw). The addition of 0.5% (w/v) Tween 20 at $10^{\circ}C$ increased the initial hydrolysis rate and enantioselectivity by 1.45-fold and 2.0-fold, respectively. Enantiopure (S)-styrene oxide was prepared with 99% ee enantiopurity and 46.0% yield (theoretical yield=50%) from 20 mM racemic styrene oxide.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.120-125
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• 1997

Rhodotorula glutinis was inoculated in the medium containing 0 ($S_0$), 0.01 ($S_1$), 0.1 ($S_2$) and 1.0% ($S_3$) Ganodoma lucidum extract and incubated in a shaking incubator at $30^{\circ}C$ for 8 days and the cell growth, sugarity, lipid content, and fatty acid composition were measured to investigate the effects of G. lucidum extract on the growth and biosynthesis of fatty acids by oleaginous yeast, Rhodotorula glutinis. After the 8 day incubation, the cell growth of $S_1,\;S_2\;and\;S_3$ increased 1.6, 1.7 and 2.1 times, respectively, than that of $S_0$. Sugar consumption of incubating medium was decreased but the crude lipid content in R. glutinis was increased with increase of the amount of G. Lucidum extract. Myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were identified by GC as the major fatty acids in the crude lipid produced by R. glutinis and the content of unsaturated fatty acids (38.6 mg/g) was greater than that of saturated fatty acids (22.3 mg/g). As the G. lucidum extract concentration increased, fatty acids contents were increased except myristic acid, and the most increase occurred at the addition of 0.1% while they were considerably decreased in the case of the addition of 1.0% G. lucidum extract.