• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제45권9호
• /
• pp.631-639
• /
• 2022

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide, despite medical and technological advancements. The RhoBTB family consists of three isoforms: RhoBTB1, RhoBTB2, and RhoBTB3. RhoBTB1 and RhoBTB2 have been proposed as tumor suppressors in breast cancer. However, the roles of RhoBTB3 proteins are unknown in breast cancer. Bioinformatics analysis, including Oncomine, cBioportal, was used to evaluate the potential functions and prognostic values of RhoBTB3 and Col1a1 in breast cancer. qRT-PCR analysis and immunoblotting assay were performed to investigate relevant expression. Functional experiments including proliferation assay, invasion assay, and flow cytometry assay were conducted to determine the role of RhoBTB3 and Col1a1 in breast cancer cells. RhoBTB3 mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in breast cancer tissues as compared to in adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, RhoBTB3 expression was found to be associated with Col1a1 expression. Decreasing RhoBTB3 expression may lead to decreases in the proliferative and invasive properties of breast cancer cells. Further, Col1a1 knockdown in breast cancer cells limited the proliferative and invasive ability of cancer cells. Knockdown of RhoBTB3 may exert inhibit the proliferation, migration, and metastasis of breast cancer cells by repressing the expression of Col1a1, providing a novel therapeutic strategy for treating breast cancer.

• 응용통계연구
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.425-435
• /
• 2016

본 논문에서는 1973년부터 2014년까지 42년 간, 12개 지역의 일일 강수량 데이터의 역통계(inverse statistics) 분석을 실시하였다. 구체적으로 일일 강수량 x의 확률밀도함수 f(x)를 도출하였고, 특정 강수량 ${\rho}$를 처음으로 넘어서는 기간 ${\tau}_{\rho}$의 분포 $f({\tau}_{\rho})$를 도출하였다. 최종적으로 ${\tau}_{\rho}$의 대푯값인 ${\tau}_{mean}({\rho})$와 ${\rho}$의 관계를 도출하였다. 분석 결과 x와 ${\tau}_{\rho}$는 확장된 지수분포(stretched exponential distribution)를 이루는 것을 확인하였다. 더불어 ${\rho}$와 ${\tau}_{mean}({\rho})$도 확장된 지수함수의 관계를 이루는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이들 분포를 바탕으로 형태 모수(shape parameter) ${\beta}$ 값을 도출하고, 12개 지역의 강수 특성을 분석하였다.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제17권2호통권82호
• /
• pp.192-197
• /
• 2007

외부 병원체 침입으로 이동하고 있는 T 세포는 두가지 뚜렷한 형태적인 변화, 즉, leading edge와 uropod를 형성하여 효과적으로 T세포 이동에 영향을 미친다. Uropod 구조물은 이동하는 림프구들의 뒤쪽에서 관찰 할 수 있는 아주 독특한 구조로 CD44, ERM, F-actin과 같은 단백질들이 서로 영향을 미치며 모인다. F-actin cytoskeleton은 세포의 형태를 유지하는 기본적인 틀을 제공한다. Rho A small GTPase는 이러한 cytoskeleton을 재구성하는 organizer로 역할을 한다고 보고되어 왔다. 지금까지, 다양한 경로를 통하여 Rho A가 활성화 되어 진다고 보고 되었다. 본 실험에서 PDZ 도메인이 세포 내부 RHo A에 GDP가 결합된 불활성화 형태의 Rho A를 GTP가 결합된 활성화 형태로 전환한다는 것을 알았고, F-actin cytoskeleton을 재구성 하며, PDZ 도메인을 함유한 세포는 uorpod 구조물이 없어졌으며 세포 이동 속도도 감소하는 것을 알았다. 따라서 Rho A와 F-actin cytoskeleton 사이의 신호 전달 과정이 uropod 형성에 아주 중요한 기능을 할 것이라는 것을 알았다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.224-230
• /
• 2006

Escherichia coli transcription termination factor Rho catalyzes the unwinding of RNA/DNA duplex in reactions that are coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis. We report here the kinetic mechanism of presteady state ATP binding and hydrolysis by the Rho-RNA complex. Presteady state chemical quenched-flow technique under multiple turnover condition was used to probe the kinetics of ATP binding and hydrolysis by the Rho-RNA complex. The quenched-flow presteady state kinetics of ATP hydrolysis studies show that three ATPs are bound to the Rho-RNA complex with a rate of $4.4\;{\times}\;10^5M^{-1}s^{-1}$, which are subsequently hydrolyzed at a rate of $88s^{-1}$ and released during the initiation process. Global fit of the presteady state ATP hydrolysis kinetic data suggests that a rapid-equilibrium binding of ATP to Rho-RNA complex occurs prior to the first turnover and the chemistry step is not reversible. The initial burst of three ATPs hydrolysis was proposed to be involved in the initialization step that accompanies proper complex formation of Rho-RNA. Based on these results a kinetic model for initiation process for Rho-RNA complex was proposed relating the mechanism of ATP binding and hydrolysis by Rho to the structural transitions of Rho-RNA complex to reach the steady state phase, which is implicated during translocation along the RNA.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.434-436
• /
• 1998

The mechanism of nucleophilic displacement was studied by using three variable systems of ${\rho}_X,\; {\rho}_Y,\; and {\rho}_Z$ obtained from the change of substituent X, Y, and Z for the reaction of (Z)-substituted benzyl (X)-benzensulfonates with (Y)-substituted thiobenzamides in acetone at 45 ℃. The results ${\rho}_Z$<0 and ${\rho}_YZ$>${\rho}_XZ$ indicate that this reaction series proceeded via a dissociative $S_N2$ mechanism. The prediction of the movement of TS by using the sign of ${\rho}_XZ{\cdot}{\rho}_{YZ}$ accorded with the Hammond postulate.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.493-499
• /
• 2019

Macrophage-associated inflammation is crucial for the pathogenesis of diverse diseases including metabolic disorders. Rhodanthpyrone (Rho) is an active component of Gentiana rhodantha, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammation. Although synthesis procedures of RhoA and RhoB were reported, the biological effects of the specific compounds have never been explored. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanisms of action of RhoA and RhoB were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Pretreatment with RhoA and RhoB decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions in RAW 264.7 cells and in thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages. In addition, it downregulated transcript levels of several inflammatory genes in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, including inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (Tnfa, Il6, and Ccl2) and inflammatory mediators (Nos2 and Ptgs2). Macrophage chemotaxis was also inhibited by treatment with the compounds. Mechanistic studies revealed that RhoA and RhoB suppressed the nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$ pathway, but not the canonical mitogen activated protein kinase pathway, in LPS-stimulated condition. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of RhoA and RhoB on inflammatory gene expressions was attenuated by treatment with an $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor. Our findings suggest that RhoA and RhoB play an anti-inflammatory role at least in part by suppressing the $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway during macrophage-mediated inflammation.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈B:순수및응용수학
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.219-227
• /
• 2018

In this paper, we solve the additive ${\rho}$-functional equations $$(0.1)\;f(x+y)+f(x-y)-2f(x)={\rho}\left(2f\left({\frac{x+y}{2}}\right)+f(x-y)-2f(x)\right)$$, where ${\rho}$ is a fixed non-Archimedean number with ${\mid}{\rho}{\mid}$ < 1, and $$(0.2)\;2f\left({\frac{x+y}{2}}\right)+f(x-y)-2f(x)={\rho}(f(x+y)+f(x-y)-2f(x))$$, where ${\rho}$ is a fixed non-Archimedean number with ${\mid}{\rho}{\mid}$ < |2|. Furthermore, we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of the additive ${\rho}$-functional equations (0.1) and (0.2) in non-Archimedean Banach spaces.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제15권11호
• /
• pp.985-990
• /
• 1994

Cross-interaction constants, ${\rho}^e_{XY}$, ${\rho}_{YZ}$ and ${\rho}_{XZ}$ are defined using observed rate constant, k_N=(k_1/k_{-1})k_2=Kk_2$, for the stepwise carbonyl addition reactions involving the rate-limiting breakdown of a tetrahedral intermediate $(T^{\pm})$. Abundant experimental evidence in the literature enables us to determine signs for the three constants for such mechanism, ${\rho}^e_{XY}$>0, ${\rho}_{YZ}$<0 and ${\rho}_{XZ}$0. These are in contrast to those for the concerted $S_N2$ mechanism, ${\rho}_{XY}$<0, ${\rho}_{YZ}$>0 and ${\rho}_{XZ}$, and provide useful mechanistic criteria. In the light of these criteria, mechanisms of some nucleophilic reactions of carbonyl compounds are re-examined.

• Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Applications
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.553-563
• /
• 2021

As hypergeometric meromorphic multivalent functions of the form $$L^{t,{\rho}}_{{\varpi},{\sigma}}f(\zeta)=\frac{1}{{\zeta}^{\rho}}+{\sum\limits_{{\kappa}=0}^{\infty}}{\frac{(\varpi)_{{\kappa}+2}}{{(\sigma)_{{\kappa}+2}}}}\;{\cdot}\;{\frac{({\rho}-({\kappa}+2{\rho})t)}{{\rho}}}{\alpha}_{\kappa}+_{\rho}{\zeta}^{{\kappa}+{\rho}}$$ contains a new subclass in the punctured unit disk ${\sum_{{\varpi},{\sigma}}^{S,D}}(t,{\kappa},{\rho})$ for -1 ≤ D < S ≤ 1, this paper aims to determine sufficient conditions, distortion properties and radii of starlikeness and convexity for functions in the subclass $L^{t,{\rho}}_{{\varpi},{\sigma}}f(\zeta)$.

• 에너지공학
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.141-149
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 구조유도물질인 18-crown-6 ether를 이용하여 순수한 RHO 제올라이트 입자를 합성하고, $N_2$, $CO_2$, $H_2$, $O_2$ 등 작은 기체 흡착 거동을 고찰하였다. 순수한 RHO 제올라이트 입자는 세슘이온이 함유된 알루미노실리케이트 겔로부터 합성되었으며, 직경 100-200 nm 크기의 일차입자로 구성된 약 $1.2{\mu}m$ 크기의 정육면체 모양의 이차입자이었다. 합성된 RHO 제올라이트 입자는 $600^{\circ}C$에서 3시간 하소 공정에서도 구조적으로 안정하였으며 수증기 흡착 실험으로부터 비표면적이 483.32 m2/g이고 마이크로 기공직경이 약 $4{\AA}$임을 확인할 수 있었다. RHO 제올라이트에 대한 $N_2$, $CO_2$, $H_2$, $O_2$ 흡착은 50-500 kPa의 압력 범위에서 이루어졌으며, $N_2$, $H_2$, $O_2$에 비하여 $CO_2$에 강한 흡착거동을 보였다. 특히, $CO_2$ 흡착은 모든 압력에서 시간 의존적이었으며 이는 기존에 알려진 RHO 제올라이트의 구조 변화로 설명할 수 있었다. 일정 압력에서 약 3시간 동안 유지하여 측정된 $CO_2$ 흡착량은 50 kPa과 500 kPa에서 각각 1.283 mmol/g과 3.357 mmol/g이었고, 500 kPa에서의 $CO_2/H_2$ 흡착 선택도는 15.77 이었다. 기존 가스 흡착제의 흡착 성능과 비교한 결과, 합성된 RHO 제올라이트는 $CO_2/H_2$ 분리에 유용할 것으로 판단되었다.