• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.138-150
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• 2022

Background: Epidemiology is a fundamental study of public health, including environmental health, since the features and causes of diseases discovered through epidemiology provide crucial information for developing successful disease prevention strategies. Objectives: This paper tried to define the role and function of epidemiologic research in the field of environmental health, summarize examples of epidemiological studies with regard to selected environmental health events in South Korea, and address important issues that should be considered when conducting epidemiological research in the future. Methods: Epidemiological studies of selected environmental health events were reviewed and summarized in terms of their contribution to environmental health in South Korea. Based on the information, important issues were suggested for future epidemiological studies in environmental health. Results: The role and function of epidemiologic research in the field of environmental health includes the systematic description of the health effects caused by environmental exposure, verification of the causal relationship between environmental exposure and health effects, and provision of background data for conducting prevention strategies and developing policies. A number of epidemiological studies have contributed to characterizing and assessing the environmental risks involved in a series of environmental health events in South Korea. Conclusions: Important issues for future epidemiological studies may include health effects from chronic low-level environmental exposure, application of analytical epidemiology to elucidate causal relationships, use of exposure/disease/susceptibility biomarkers, accurate reconstruction of past exposure status, cohort recruitment and long-term follow-up, and in-advance surveillance of diseases with environmental causes.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.131-151
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• 1992

The contents of prescription service were comparatively analysed between health centers(HC) and private clinics(PC). Medical chart review was done for 330 otu-patients diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection(UR) of 120 adults and 90 children, and gastritis or duodenitis of 120 adults. Emphasis on comparison was the prime cost of medication which used in prescription service. The results were as follows; 1. The prime costs fro the medication per visit of HC group were significantly higher than PC group in all three diseases, and the out of pocket payments of patients per visit were significantly lower in the HC group than PC group. 2. The reason for high prime costs of medication per visit of HC in adult case of URI were due to the idverse use of medication and long prescription period per visit. And high medication costs in children cases of URI in HC group were due to the longer prescription day. In cases of gastritis, the prime cost of medication was also higher because of longer prescription period and the higher prime cost of medication. The proportions of medications for injection in the HC and PC groups showed similar features. 3. In depth analysis of the prescription services showed the differences of the contents of medication. In adults cases of URI, the averaged cost of oral medication was significantly lower in HC group, but that of medication for injection was higher in HC group. In children cases of URI, the averaged cost of oral medication and medication for injection was lower in HC group than in PC group. But in the cases of gastritis it was was higher in HC group than in PC group. The prescription periods were longer in HC group than in PC group in all three diseases. As a conclusion prime medication cost and quality of prescription services of HC group were higher than PC group. In terms of health care the cost containment and quality assurance in physician visit for common disease, public sector utilization is good option for those perspectives. But it should not be generalized unless future study about structure and outcome research for quality assurance.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.88-100
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• 2023

This study analyzed the compositional characteristics of fashion videos and the characteristics of fashion design spreading as trends through Subversive Basics. Literature research and case studies were conducted concurrently. Based on the literature review, an analysis method was designed, focusing on the concept of online video content, Subversive Basics, and the video content type. For the case analysis, videos were collected and classified using Subversive Basics as the keyword. The content was observed, and design features were analyzed. Based on the results, the collected videos were classified into tutorial, curation, and creative content types according to their compositional characteristics. Tutorial content emphasizes practical actions that demonstrate how to make or modify clothing, thereby promoting user-generated content for dissemination. Curation contents provide users with style ideas and information about clothing and purchases to encourage clothing purchases and influence purchase decisions that lead to dissemination through clothing consumption and wear. Creative content showcases the process of modifying and creating clothes to enhance understanding and value of creative design. The characteristics of fashion design utilized in these contents include bold designs with high visual effects as the first category, designs that can be easily and quickly modified due to intentional incompleteness as the second category, and prominently featured body-positive, individualistic designs as the third category. The results of this study can be associated with balanced development between basic design elements and personalized unique designs, catering to consumer needs.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.563-570
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• 2023

The Safety Transmission Unit(STU) is a critical device used in railway systems to ensure safe and efficient operations by providing communication between trains and railway infrastructure. It is responsible for transmitting vital information and commands, allowing for the control and coordination of train movements. The STU plays a crucial role in maintaining the safety of passengers, crew, and the overall railway network. This paper presents the design and testing of a STU for the next-generation wireless-based train control system. An analysis of european and domestic standards was conducted to review requirements and ensure the design of a STU for the train control system meets international standards. Based on this analysis, hardware and software designs were developed to create an internationally recognized level of safety for the communication device. To verify the functionality of the STU, a simulator was developed, and it was confirmed that the designed features were successfully implemented.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: Temporal bone fracture (TBF) is a common occurrence in cases of head trauma. Although the incidence of temporal bone concussion (TBC) has increased in cases of head trauma, it has not been extensively studied. We assessed the characteristics of TBF and TBC in patients with head trauma. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 432 patients with head injury who visited our hospital between January 2011 and April 2016. Of these patients, 211 who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Their clinical characteristics, causes of injury, and hearing function were analyzed. Results: Among the 211 patients, 157 had TBFs and 54 had TBCs. Ear symptoms were more common among patients with TBF than among those with TBC. Car accidents were the most common cause of both TBF and TBC, but assault and sports injuries were more common among patients with TBC than among those with TBF. The occurrence of facial palsy in both cases of TBF and TBC. Hearing loss was observed among 35 patients with TBF and 11 patients with TBC. However, patients with TBF showed conductive hearing loss with an air-bone gap. Hearing function of these patients with TBF recovered with a reduced air-bone gap, but the patients with TBC showed little recovery. Conclusions: Emergency physicians should focus more on temporal bone injury in patients with head trauma. Therefore, an early complete diagnostic battery, which includes high-resolution computed tomography, audiometric tests, neurologic examination, and vestibular tests, be performed in patients with head trauma.

• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.105-111
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• 2014

Assistive listening devices (ALDs) refer to various types of amplification equipment designed to improve the communication of individuals with hard of hearing to enhance the accessibility to speech signal when individual hearing instruments are not sufficient. There are many types of ALDs to overcome a triangle of speech to noise ratio (SNR) problems, noise, distance, and reverberation. ALDs vary in their internal electronic mechanisms ranging from simple hard-wire microphone-amplifier units to more sophisticated broadcasting systems. They usually use microphones to capture an audio source and broadcast it wirelessly over a frequency modulation (FM), infra-red, induction loop, or other transmission techniques. The seven types of ALDs are introduced including hardwire devices, FM sound system, infra-red sound system, induction loop system, telephone listening devices, television, and alert/alarm system. Further development of digital wireless technology in hearing instruments will make possible direct communication with ALDs without any accessories in the near future. There are two technology solutions for digital wireless hearing instruments improving SNR and convenience. One is near-field magnetic induction combined with Bluetooth radio frequency (RF) transmission or proprietary RF transmission and the other is proprietary RF transmission alone. Recently launched digital wireless hearing aid applying this new technology can communicate from the hearing instrument to personal computer, phones, Wi-Fi, alert systems, and ALDs via iPhone, iPad, and iPod. However, it comes with its own iOS application offering a range of features but there is no option for Android users as of this moment.

• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: Temporal bone fracture (TBF) is a common occurrence in cases of head trauma. Although the incidence of temporal bone concussion (TBC) has increased in cases of head trauma, it has not been extensively studied. We assessed the characteristics of TBF and TBC in patients with head trauma. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 432 patients with head injury who visited our hospital between January 2011 and April 2016. Of these patients, 211 who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Their clinical characteristics, causes of injury, and hearing function were analyzed. Results: Among the 211 patients, 157 had TBFs and 54 had TBCs. Ear symptoms were more common among patients with TBF than among those with TBC. Car accidents were the most common cause of both TBF and TBC, but assault and sports injuries were more common among patients with TBC than among those with TBF. The occurrence of facial palsy in both cases of TBF and TBC. Hearing loss was observed among 35 patients with TBF and 11 patients with TBC. However, patients with TBF showed conductive hearing loss with an air-bone gap. Hearing function of these patients with TBF recovered with a reduced air-bone gap, but the patients with TBC showed little recovery. Conclusions: Emergency physicians should focus more on temporal bone injury in patients with head trauma. Therefore, an early complete diagnostic battery, which includes high-resolution computed tomography, audiometric tests, neurologic examination, and vestibular tests, be performed in patients with head trauma.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.123-157
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• 2016

As the WTO·DDA continues to stagnate, mega FTAs such as the TPP will likely play the leading role in rule-making of trade for some time to come, creating a 'spaghetti bowl' of trade rules. FTAs, notably high-standard and broad-based regional or mega-FTAs, are the appropriate means to achieve this objective, because they cover many of the policy measures that are needed for the development of global value chains(GVC). The highest quality FTAs are increasingly adding new features like regulatory harmonization that may also foster GVC growth in partner countries. Complementary relationships among markets along value chains, involving both goods and services, also complicate analysis. This is particularly relevant when thinking about policy, since the traditional tendency to think about policies and regulate markets in unconnected silos can lead to unintended and undesirable results. This paper examines the current states of FTAs to determine which are more likely to push this latest wave of globalization further and faster, and explores the plans that are most helpful for GVC growth.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.51-68
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• 2018

This study examined the scope of damages resulting from types of loss under the CISG and the PICC(2016). The CISG and PICC stipulate the rights of aggrieved parties to recover losses under the full compensation principle, but the PICC features more specific provisions regarding damages compared to the CISG. Therefore the PICC might provide practical insight resolving problems concerning damages under the CISG. There are direct and incidental losses, consequential losses, lost profit, and loss of chance that can be claimed by aggrieved parties under the CISG or the PICC but the scope of claimable losses differs by cases. For example, even though there are no specific clauses in the CISG or the PICC, some losses might include based on the requisite of damage under CISG or PICC. Therefore, it is important to know standards in which losses are covered by these agreements. In conclusion, related parties who engage in international trade should understand the requisite and limitation of damages, and need to clearly define specific losses that might not be governed under the CISG or the PICC.

• Design Convergence Study
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.151-169
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• 2016

This study intends to present the most optimal interaction in association with available functions if the foldable display is applied to smart devices. For this, I have looked into the flow of development, morphological features and the application areas of the foldable display based on review literature. I have also established five principles of interaction applicable to the foldable display through the study on the concept and characteristics of foldable display interactions and previous research cases. Next, I have conducted user surveys to find the most optimal interactions with the functions of smart devices taken into account. Prior to user surveys, I have classified foldable display interactions into 36 categories based on the five interaction principles of the foldable display. In addition, I have selected 17 major functions of regular smart devices based on relevant documents. Lastly, utilizing concrete interaction methods and functions obtained in this manner, I have conducted user surveys based on the relationship among multiple relevant factors and chosen the interaction method that acquired the highest frequency and score as the most optimal one whose detailed description has been provided as well.