• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2007

Recently, semantic web technology, represented by ontology building, is being combined with web services technology, creating 'Semantic Web Services' as a new promising field in information retrieval research. Accordingly, many brokering and matchmaking agents are being developed and used in the field. However, literature review revealed that most models do not take QoS(Quality of Services) into consideration. In this study, a QoS-augmented matchmaking algorithm is developed based on service availability, response time, maximum transaction amount, reliability, accessibility and price as critical QoS items. A prototype for Intelligent Semantic Web Services System is developed using publicly available data. Performance test was conducted and reported at the end.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2011

Recently, AR applications provide location-based spatial information by GPS. Also, the spatial information is displayed by the angle of the camera. So far, traditional spatial indexes in spatial database field retrieve and filter spatial information by the minimum bounding rectangle (MBR) algorithm.(ex. R-tree) MBR strategy is a useful technique in the geographic information systems and location based services. But MBR technique doesn't reflect the characteristics of spatial queries in AR. Spatial queries of AR applications have high possibility of the dead space area between MBRs of non-leaf node and query area. We propose triangle node filtering algorithm that improved efficiency of spatial retrieval used the triangle node filtering techniques by exclusion the dead space. In this paper, the proposed algorithm has been implemented on PostgreSQL/PostGIS. Experimental results show the spatial retrieval that using the proposed algorithm better performance than the spatial retrieval that of the minimum bounding rectangle algorithm.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2023.10a
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• pp.399-403
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 다중 문서 기반의 대화 시스템을 통한 효율적인 정보 검색과 응답 생성에 중점을 둡니다. 대규모 데이터 집합에서 정확한 문서를 선택하는 데 필요한 검색의 중요성을 강조하며, 현재 검색 방법의 한계와 문제점을 지적합니다. 또한 더 자연스러운 답변을 생성하기 위해 대규모 언어 모델을 사용하게 되면서 fine-tuning 시에 발생하는 제약과 낭비를 모델의 제로샷 생성 능력을 활용하여 개선하려는 방안을 제안하며, 모델의 크기와 자원의 효율성에 대한 고려사항을 논의합니다. 우리의 접근 방식은 대규모 언어 모델을 프롬프트와 함께 다중 문서로 학습 없이 정보를 검색하고 응답을 생성하는 방향으로 접근하여 대화 시스템의 효율성과 유용성을 향상시킬 수 있음을 제시합니다.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2023.10a
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• pp.690-693
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• 2023

언어 모델의 파라미터 수의 지속적인 증가로 100B 단위의 거대 언어모델 LLM(Large Language Model)을 구성 할 정도로 언어 모델의 크기는 증가 해 왔다. 이런 모델의 크기와 함께 성장한 다양한 Task의 작업 성능의 향상과 함께, 발전에는 환각(Hallucination) 및 윤리적 문제도 함께 떠오르고 있다. 이러한 문제 중 특히 환각 문제는 모델이 존재하지도 않는 정보를 실제 정보마냥 생성한다. 이러한 잘못된 정보 생성은 훌륭한 성능의 LLM에 신뢰성 문제를 야기한다. 환각 문제는 정보 검색을 통하여 입력 혹은 내부 표상을 증강하면 증상이 완화 되고 추가적으로 성능이 향상된다. 본 논문에서는 한국어 질의 응답에서 검색 증강을 통하여 모델의 개선점을 확인한다.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2012

In recent years, mobile phone has experienced an extremely fast evolution. It is equipped with high-quality color displays, high resolution cameras, and real-time accelerated 3D graphics. In addition, some other features are includes GPS sensor and Digital Compass, etc. This evolution advent significantly helps the application developers to use the power of smart-phones, to create a rich environment that offers a wide range of services and exciting possibilities. To date mobile AR in outdoor research there are many popular location-based AR services, such Layar and Wikitude. These systems have big limitation the AR contents hardly overlaid on the real target. Another research is context-based AR services using image recognition and tracking. The AR contents are precisely overlaid on the real target. But the real-time performance is restricted by the retrieval time and hardly implement in large scale area. In our work, we exploit to combine advantages of location-based AR with context-based AR. The system can easily find out surrounding landmarks first and then do the recognition and tracking with them. The proposed system mainly consists of two major parts-landmark browsing module and annotation module. In landmark browsing module, user can view an augmented virtual information (information media), such as text, picture and video on their smart-phone viewfinder, when they pointing out their smart-phone to a certain building or landmark. For this, landmark recognition technique is applied in this work. SURF point-based features are used in the matching process due to their robustness. To ensure the image retrieval and matching processes is fast enough for real time tracking, we exploit the contextual device (GPS and digital compass) information. This is necessary to select the nearest and pointed orientation landmarks from the database. The queried image is only matched with this selected data. Therefore, the speed for matching will be significantly increased. Secondly is the annotation module. Instead of viewing only the augmented information media, user can create virtual annotation based on linked data. Having to know a full knowledge about the landmark, are not necessary required. They can simply look for the appropriate topic by searching it with a keyword in linked data. With this, it helps the system to find out target URI in order to generate correct AR contents. On the other hand, in order to recognize target landmarks, images of selected building or landmark are captured from different angle and distance. This procedure looks like a similar processing of building a connection between the real building and the virtual information existed in the Linked Open Data. In our experiments, search range in the database is reduced by clustering images into groups according to their coordinates. A Grid-base clustering method and user location information are used to restrict the retrieval range. Comparing the existed research using cluster and GPS information the retrieval time is around 70~80ms. Experiment results show our approach the retrieval time reduces to around 18~20ms in average. Therefore the totally processing time is reduced from 490~540ms to 438~480ms. The performance improvement will be more obvious when the database growing. It demonstrates the proposed system is efficient and robust in many cases.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.346-356
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• 2022

The jurisprudential legal rules govern the way Muslims react and interact to daily life. This creates a huge stream of questions, that require highly qualified and well-educated individuals, called Muftis. With Muslims representing almost 25% of the planet population, and the scarcity of qualified Muftis, this creates a demand supply problem calling for Automation solutions. This motivates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to solve this problem, which requires a well-designed Question-Answering (QA) system to solve it. In this work, we propose a QA system, based on retrieval augmented generative transformer model for jurisprudential legal question. The main idea in the proposed architecture is the leverage of both state-of-the art transformer models, and the existing knowledge base of legal sources and question-answers. With the sensitivity of the domain in mind, due to its importance in Muslims daily lives, our design balances between exploitation of knowledge bases, and exploration provided by the generative transformer models. We collect a custom data set of 850,000 entries, that includes the question, answer, and category of the question. Our evaluation methodology is based on both quantitative and qualitative methods. We use metrics like BERTScore and METEOR to evaluate the precision and recall of the system. We also provide many qualitative results that show the quality of the generated answers, and how relevant they are to the asked questions.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.1257-1265
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• 2006

As XML is increasingly used, the need of researches which are related with XML in various fields is also augmented. Many XML document management systems have been actively developed especially for the storage, processing and retrieval of XML documents. The BitCube is a three dimensional bitmap index system that could be manipulated efficiently and improves the performance of document retrieval. However, the site of index is increase rapidly, when a new bit is added to the axis. This problem is caused by its three dimensional memory structure with document, path and word. We suggest a path combining strategy of XML documents in this paper to solve the problem of BitCube that mentioned above. To reduce the size of index, our approach combines sibling nodes that has same ancestor paths, and transforms word axis into value axis. The method reduces the size of index, when the system com poses the three dimensional bitmap index. It also improves the speed of retrieving, and takes efficiency in storage space.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.111-127
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• 2017

Computing Performance, sensor, storage, memory, and network costs have been steadily declining, and IoT services have recently become more active. The Internet of Things is linked with Big Data to create new business, and public institutions and corporations are hurry to import Internet of things. As the importance of the Internet of things has increased, the number of devices supporting the IoT has rapidly increased. With the development of the Internet of Things, various types of Internet services are being developed. For this reason, there is an increasing demand for IoT service designers and developers for IoT service case automatic search technology. IoT service designers can avoid duplication with existing services through service case retrieval and developers can save cost and time by combining existing reusable service equipment. This paper proposes IoT-Lite ontology for IoT and Semantic Web service to solve the above-mentioned problems. The existing ontologies for IoT, despite its many advantages, are not widely used by developers because it has not overcome the relatively slow drawbacks of increasing complexity and searching for development. To complement this, this study uses the IoT-Lite ontology introduced by W3C as a model and a semantic web service for automatic system retrieval. 3D camera, GPS, and 9-axis sensor, and IoT-Lite designed by IoT-Lite technique are integrated with the semantic technique and implemented directly.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2023.10a
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• pp.683-689
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• 2023

자연어 처리 분야는 최근에 큰 발전을 보였으며, 특히 초대규모 언어 모델의 등장은 이 분야에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. GPT와 같은 모델은 다양한 NLP 작업에서 높은 성능을 보이고 있으며, 특히 챗봇 분야에서 중요하게 다루어지고 있다. 하지만, 이러한 모델에도 여러 한계와 문제점이 있으며, 그 중 하나는 모델이 기대하지 않은 결과를 생성하는 것이다. 이를 해결하기 위한 다양한 방법 중, Retrieval-Augmented Generation(RAG) 방법이 주목받았다. 이 논문에서는 지식베이스와의 통합을 통한 도메인 특화형 질의응답 시스템의 효율성 개선 방안과 벡터 데이터 베이스의 수정을 통한 챗봇 답변 수정 및 업데이트 방안을 제안한다. 본 논문의 주요 기여는 다음과 같다: 1) QA Pair Passage RAG을 활용한 새로운 RAG 시스템 제안 및 성능 향상 분석 2) 기존의 LLM 및 RAG 시스템의 성능 측정 및 한계점 제시 3) RDBMS 기반의 벡터 검색 및 업데이트를 활용한 챗봇 제어 방법론 제안

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.123-143
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• 2011

At what point in the process of speech production are gestures involved? According to the Lexical Retrieval Hypothesis, gestures are involved in the lexicalization in the formulating stage. According to the Information Packaging Hypothesis, gestures are involved in the conceptual planning of massages in the conceptualizing stage. We investigated these hypotheses, using the game situation in a TV program that induced the players to involve in both lexicalization and conceptualization simultaneously. The transcription of the verbal utterances was augmented with all arm and hand gestures produced by the players. Coverbal gestures were classified into two types of gestures: lexical gestures and motor gestures. As a result, concrete words elicited lexical gestures significantly more frequently than abstract words, and abstract words elicited motor gestures significantly more frequently than concrete words. The difficulty of conceptualization in concrete words was significantly correlated with the amount of lexical gestures. However, the amount of words and the word frequency were not correlated with the amount of both gestures. This result supports the Information Packaging Hypothesis. Most of all, the importance of motor gestures was inferred from the result that abstract words elicited motor gestures more frequently rather than concrete words. Motor gestures, which have been considered as unrelated to verbal production, were excluded from analysis in many gestural studies. This study revealed motor gestures seemed to be connected to the abstract conceptualization.