• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.820-829
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• 2020

Because ships have limited support from land, it is necessary to equip them with automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) in preparation for the incidences of cardiac arrest patients and to properly place and manage AEDs. The seafarer must have the ability to use the AEDs. This is a study to identify the placement and management of AEDs in order to increase the utilization of AEDs in ships, analyze the ability of seafarers to use AEDs and their intention to use it, and suggest improvement plans. The study was conducted from September 9, 2019, to February 20, 2020, and a total of 244 ships and 244 seafarers were surveyed. The data were analyzed by the frequency, percentage, and chi-square test using SPSS WIN 23.0 program. As a result, most of the ships with one AED number were identified, and some ships with insufficient AED placement and management were also identified. A total of 142 seafarers (58.2 %) had experience in participating in AED education; 136 seafarers (55.7 %) had intention to use AEDs; and the most barrier factor was "I don't know how to use" (63.0 %). The intention to use AEDs was high among seafarers in the position of the captain, navigator, and deck department personnel, and when they had an experience in AED training and the training period was less than six months, they were active in using AEDs. In addition, efforts to raise an awareness and education of AEDs are required for occupational groups other than navigators who are not willing to use AEDs in ships, and it is necessary to review appropriate retraining cycles through an evaluation of the seafarer's ability to use AEDs.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.260-269
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• 2022

In this paper, We propose an anomaly detection model using deep neural network to automate the identification of outliers of the national air pollution measurement network data that is previously performed by experts. We generated training data by analyzing missing values and outliers of weather data provided by the Institute of Environmental Research and based on the BeatGAN model of the unsupervised learning method, we propose a new model by changing the kernel structure, adding the convolutional filter layer and the transposed convolutional filter layer to improve anomaly detection performance. In addition, by utilizing the generative features of the proposed model to implement and apply a retraining algorithm that generates new data and uses it for training, it was confirmed that the proposed model had the highest performance compared to the original BeatGAN models and other unsupervised learning model like Iforest and One Class SVM. Through this study, it was possible to suggest a method to improve the anomaly detection performance of proposed model while avoiding overfitting without additional cost in situations where training data are insufficient due to various factors such as sensor abnormalities and inspections in actual industrial sites.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1215-1225
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• 2021

Although Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques have shown impressive performance in various fields, they are vulnerable to adversarial examples which induce misclassification by adding human-imperceptible perturbations to the input. Previous studies to defend the adversarial examples can be classified into three categories: (1) model retraining methods; (2) input transformation methods; and (3) adversarial examples detection methods. However, even though the defense methods against adversarial examples have constantly been proposed, there is no research to classify the type of adversarial attack. In this paper, we proposed an adversarial attack family classification method based on dimensionality reduction and clustering. Specifically, after extracting adversarial perturbation from adversarial example, we performed Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to reduce the dimensionality of adversarial perturbation and performed K-means algorithm to classify the type of adversarial attack family. From the experimental results using MNIST dataset and CIFAR-10 dataset, we show that the proposed method can efficiently classify five tyeps of adversarial attack(FGSM, BIM, PGD, DeepFool, C&W). We also show that the proposed method provides good classification performance even in a situation where the legitimate input to the adversarial example is unknown.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.169-179
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to suggest the direction of secondary school career education in a lifelong learning society. In that direction, first, it is necessary to strengthen teacher capacity and develop professionalism. Second, career education programs need to be improved and diversified. Third, it is necessary to strengthen collaboration and communication with career education experts as a way to strengthen cooperation and connection outside the school. Fourth, it is necessary to support online career education through improvement of career information network. Fifth, there are policy support and institutional improvement plans. Sixth, it is necessary to expand the subject of career education to the entire life. To this end, career education in secondary school is designed to flexibly cope with changes, overcome crises and turn them into opportunities, and provide experiences to solve problems. Comprehensive support for individually customized career education from a lifelong perspective that manages the degree is needed. Second, it is necessary to expand field-oriented career and job experience to provide sufficient job-related experience and support mentoring by field experts. Third, it is necessary to establish a career education network where schools, education offices, and local communities work together. Fourth, retraining of career counseling teachers is also necessary to support the strengthening of career education capacity of all teachers.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.41-47
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• 2024

When there were disparities in performance between models trained in the time and frequency domains, even after conducting an ensemble, we observed that the performance of the ensemble was compromised due to imbalances in the individual model performances. Therefore, this paper proposes a leakage detection technique to enhance the accuracy of pipeline leakage detection through a step-wise learning approach that extracts features from both the time and frequency domains and integrates them. This method involves a two-step learning process. In the Stage 1, independent model training is conducted in the time and frequency domains to effectively extract crucial features from the provided data in each domain. In Stage 2, the pre-trained models were utilized by removing their respective classifiers. Subsequently, the features from both domains were fused, and a new classifier was added for retraining. The proposed transfer learning-based feature fusion technique in this paper performs model training by integrating features extracted from the time and frequency domains. This integration exploits the complementary nature of features from both domains, allowing the model to leverage diverse information. As a result, it achieved a high accuracy of 99.88%, demonstrating outstanding performance in pipeline leakage detection.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.115-128
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate home economics teachers' perception of cultural diversity education, to provide an efficient educational material for the multicultural education in teacher education and teacher retraining. 160 Home economics teachers answered the survey questionnaires. To analyze the data, SPSS 19.0 for Windows was used to conduct frequency analysis, factorial analysis, credibility analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple comparison. The results of this study were as follows. Four dimensions of cultural diversity education were derived by factor analysis: cultural equality, diversity implementation, diversity value, comfort with diversity. As for their awareness about cultural diversity education, it was in the order of cultural equality, followed by diversity implementation, diversity value, and comfort with diversity. The groups were significantly different according to demographic variables. As for the whole awareness about cultural diversity education and the diversity implementation, group of age 40 teachers recognized more highly than other groups. Furthermore, teachers outside Jeonbuk area recognized more highly the cultural equality, diversity implementation, diversity value than those in Jeonbuk, which is the 3rd high area in the nation of multicultural family proportion. As for cultural equality and diversity implementation, teachers over 15 years of experience, recognized more highly than other groups. Those with the teacher certification in the college of education, recognized more highly the cultural equality, diversity value, comfort with diversity than teachers from the other colleges. Teachers who need multicultural education, recognized more highly cultural equality, diversity implementation, awareness of diversity than those who don't. These results imply that in home economics education, there must be more systematic studies on school field education and related educational programs in order to revitalize multicultural education. And for teachers with highly recognizing cultural diversity to conduct a systematic multicultural education more efficiently, there should be both systematic pre-service education programs at college level and in-service education programs for the teachers in terms of cultural diversity education.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.3769-3776
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide. High breast cancer mortality has been attributed to lack of public awareness of the disease. Little is known about the level of knowledge of breast cancer in Central African Republic. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge of health professionals on breast cancer. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 158 health professionals (27 medical; 131 paramedical) in 17 hospitals in Bangui using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis, Person's ${\chi}^2$ test and ANOVA were applied to examine associations between variables with p < 0.05 being considered significant. Results: Data analyzed using SPSS version 20 indicates that average knowledge about breast cancer perception of the entire population was 47.6%, diagnosis method 45.5%, treatment 34.3% and risk factors 23.8%. Most respondents (65.8%) agreed that breast cancer is important in Central African Republic and that family history is a risk factor (44.3%). Clinical assessments and mammography were considered most suitable diagnostic methods, and surgery as the best treatment. The knowledge level was significantly higher among medical than paramedical staff with regard to risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. However the trainee group had very high significant differences of knowledge compared with all other groups. Conclusions: There is a very urgent need to update the various training programs for these professionals, with recommendations of retraining. Health authorities must create suitable structures for the overall management of cancer observed as a serious public health problem.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.137-172
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• 2008

The earliest safety data programs, the FDR and CVR, were electronic reporting systems that generate data "automatically." The FDR program, originally instituted in 1958, had no publicly available restrictions for protections against sanctions by the FAA or an airline, although there are agreements and union contracts forbidding the use of FDR data for FAA enforcement actions. This FDR program still has the least formalized protections. With the advent of the CVR program in 1966, the precursor to the current FAR 91.25 was already in place, having been promulgated in 1964. It stated that the FAA would not use CVR data for enforcement actions. In 1982, Congress began restricting the disclosure of the CVR tape and transcripts. Congress added further clarification of the availability of discovery in civil litigation in 1994. Thus, the CVR data have more definitive protections in place than do FDR data. The ASRS was the first non-automatic reporting system; and built into its original design in 1975 was a promise of limited protection from enforcement sanctions. That promise was further codified in an FAR in 1979. As with the CVR, from its inception, the ASRS had some protections built in for the person who might have had a safety problem. However, the program did not (and to this day does not) explicitly deal with issues of use by airlines, litigants, or the public media, although it appears that airlines will either take a non-punitive stance if an ASRS report is filed, or the airline may ignore the fact that it has been filed at all. The FAA worked with several U.S. airlines in the early 1990s on developing ASAP programs, and the FAA issued an Advisory Circular about the program in 1997. From its inception, the ASAP program contained some FAA enforcement protections and company discipline protections, although some protection against litigation disclosure and public disclosure was not added until 2003, when FAA Order 8000.82 was promulgated, placing the program under the protections of FAR 193, which had been added in 2001. The FOQA program, when it was first instituted through a demonstration program in 1995, did not contain protections against sanctions. Now, however, the FAA cannot take enforcement action based on FOQA safety data, and an airline is limited to "corrective action" under the program. Union contracts can exclude FOQA from the realm of disciplinary action, although airline practice may be for airlines to require retraining if there is no contract in place forbidding it. The data is protected against disclosure for litigation and public media purposes by FAA Order 8000.81, issued in 2003, which placed FOQA under the protections of FAR 193. The figure on the next page shows when each program began, and when each statute, regulation, or order became effective for that program.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.747-761
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze differences in the teaching practices of biology teachers according to their awareness of the importance of evolution. For this purpose, two teachers who experienced study of evolution and recognized its importance, along with two teachers with no experience in evolution education in the comparison group, were included in the sample. To observe teaching practices, two classes each on biological evolution and non-evolution were selected, recorded and transcribed. The content analyzed included the teachers' view on evolution education and teachers' evolution concepts reflected in teaching practice. As a result, the level of understanding of the teachers' evolution concept was unrelated to teachers' awareness of the importance of evolution. Instead, each teacher would not feel the need for religious beliefs or awareness of the importance of evolution to have a negative impact on the awareness of the importance of evolution. Inexperienced teachers tend to reject the retraining opportunities to recognize the importance of evolution. In addition, inexperienced teachers were only superficially aware of the evaluation and improvement of evolution presented in textbooks and curricula. In actual teaching practice analysis, inexperienced teachers' utilizing ratio of the evolution key concept was higher than that of experienced teachers. Only experienced teachers were aware of the misconceptions presented in their execution and described the causes that appear in these misconceptions. Teachers who recognized the importance of evolution were widely using the key concepts of evolution, as well as more practical in preventing the misconceptions related to evolution forms. It indicates that biology teachers who do not realize the importance of evolution in biology education need to experience explicit and practical education programs as well as instructional materials on evolution.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-136
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• 1994

Contemporary global space economy is so dynamic that any one specific structural force can not explain the whole dynamic processes or trajectories of spatial industrial development. The major purpose of this paper is extending the traditional notion of industrial districts to functioning and development of new industrial districts with relation to the development of high technology industries. Several dynamic forces, which are dominated in new industrial districts in the modern space economy, are incorporated in the formation and dynamic aspects of new industrial districts. Even though key forces governing Marshallian industrial district are localization of small firms, division of labor between firms, constructive cooperation, and industrial atmosphere, Marshall points out a possibility of growing importance of large firms and non-local networks in the districts with changes of external environments. Some of Italian industrial districts can be regarded as Marshallian industrial districts in broader context, but the role of local authorities or institutions and local embeddedness seem to be more important in the Italian industrial districts. More critical implication form the review of Marshallian industrial districts and Italian industrial districts is that the industrial districts are not a static concept but a dynamic one: small firm based industrial districts can be regarded as only a specific feature evolved over time. Dynamic aspects of new industrial districts are resulting from coexistence of contrasting forces governing the functioning and formation of the districts in contemporary global space economy. The contrasting forces governing new industrial districts are coexistence of flexible and mass production systems, local and global networks, local and non-local embeddedness, and small and large firms. Because of these coexistence of contrasting forces, there are various types of new industrial districts. Nine types of industrial districts are identified based on local/non-local networks and intensity of networks in both suppliers and customers linkages. The different types of new industrial districts are described by differences in production systems, embeddedness, governance, cooperation and competition, and institutional factors. Out of nine types of industrial districts, four types - Marshallian; suppliers hub and spoke; customers hub and spoke; and satellite - are regarded as distinctive new industrial districts and four additional types - advanced hub and spoke types (suppliers and customers) and mature satellites (suppliers and customers) - can be evolved from the distinctive types and may be regarded as hybrid types. The last one - pioneering high technology industrial district - can be developed from the advanced hub and spoke types and this type is a most advanced modern industrial district in the era of globalization and high technology. The dynamic aspects of the districts are related with the coexistence of the contrasting forces in the contemporary global space economy. However, the development trajectory is not a natural one and not all the industrial districts can develop to the other hybrid types. Traditionally, localization of industries was developed by historical chances. In the process of high technology industrial development in contemporary global space economy, however, policy and strategies are critical for the formation and evolution of new industrial districts. It needs formation of supportive tissues of institutions for evolution of dyamic pattern of high technology related new industrial districts. Some of the original distinctive types of new industrial districts can not follow the path or trajectory suggested in this paper and may be declined without advancing, if there is no formation of supportive social structure or policy. Provision of information infrastructure and diffusion of an entrepreneurship through the positive supports of local government, public institutions, universities, trade associations and industry associations are important for the evolution of the dynamic new industrial districts. Reduction of sunk costs through the supports for training and retraining of skilled labor, the formation of flexible labor markets, and the establishment of cheap and available telecommunication networks is also regarded as a significant strategies for dynamic progress of new industrial districts in the era of high technology industrial development. In addition, development of intensive international networks in production, technology and information is important policy issue for formation and evolution of the new industrial districts which are related with high technology industrial development.