• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.71-86
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• 1997

The regeneration and differentiation of the cutaneous pigment system in the goldfish, Carassius auratus during the wound healing process were studied with high magnification electron microscope. The cutaneous pigment cells of the normal tissues were composed of three kinds of dermal chromatophores-xanthophores, leucoiphores and melanophores. While xanthophores contain two kinds of pigment granules-pterinosomes and carotenoid vesicles, leucophores and melanophores contain amorphous pigment granules (leucosomes) and oval shaped electron dense melanin pigment granules (melanosomes) respectively. After injury, primary wound healing responses being carried out by migration of epidermal cells and hemocytes spreading over the wound surface at the day of wounding. And at the time of primary wound closure, 5 to 7 days after wounding, rER rich cells-presumably common precursors of dermal chromatophores-immigrated into the wound area. First redifferentiated chromatophores appeared 3 weeks after wounding. Pigment granules of the chromatophores were emerged from the cytoplasmic Golgi complex via rough endoplasmic reticulum. Pinocytotic vesicles which associated with accumulation of pigment material, appeared only at the inner surface of the chromatophores adhering to the rER rich cells, characteristically. The differentiation of each chromatophore in addition to integumental wound repair were accomplished within 4 weeks after wounding at most cases, however the total numbers and densities of these repaired chromatophores still primitive state. Moreover, It has been revealed that complete repair of chromatophores at wounded tissues from burns requirs more than 3 months in normal environment.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.155-168
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect the radiation-resistance of chitosan on the mice. A healthy male ICR mice were used for experiment. The SOD and MDA activity was measured from the liver of mice at 48 and 72 hours after the irradiation. The ultrastructural changes of the liver by irradiation was observed at 24, 48 and 72 hours after irradiation. The experimental groups were divided into three groups. Group 1 was the control group which was not treated with chitosanoligosaccharide before or after iradiation. Group 2 was the prefeeding group which chitosanoligosaccharide solution was supplied by feeding ad libitum for 30 days before irradiation. Group 3 was the postfeeding group which chitosanoligosaccharide solution was supplied by feeding after irradiation. In all groups 10 mice were used. The results were as follow: The SOD and MDA activity of the prefeeding group was decreased significantly (P<0.01). Control group - The nuclei were condensed. The mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) were extended and the ribosome was dropped from the rER. Prefeeding group - The nuclei were rounded. The mitochondria was elongated. And the rER attached ribosomes. Postfeeding group - The nuclei were slightly condensed. The mitochondria and the rER were extended and the ribosome was dropped from the rER. It was concluded that the chitosanoligosaccharide was effective in the radiation-protection. So, chitosan would have the potential as the radiation-protection materials.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.271-277
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• 2006

Mast cells (MCs) are granulated cells that play a pivotal role in allergic reaction and inflammation. The granules of mast cells are known to be rich in zinc (Zn). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. We injected $200{\mu}L$ of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) subcutaneously in the dorsal aspect of one hindpaw Finally, zinc selenium autometallography(AMG) was done by Danscher's method. The present study showed the ultrastructures of zinc-containing mast cells found in inflammatory area following an complete freund's adjuvant (CFA) inoculation into the rat hindpaw. At light microscopic level, mast cells were round or oval, at average $12{\mu}m$ in diameter, with many filopodia extending from the cell surface. Because the rather small and spherical nucleus was centrally placed; it was frequently obscured by the cytoplasmic granules, it sometimes could not be seen. Mast cells were distributed chiefly in the vicinity of small blood vessels. In most preparation many mast cells were ruptured and their granules escaped into the surrounding tissue. In electron micrographs, The secretory granules were at average $0.5{\mu}m$ in diameter and were limited by a membrane. The cell surface contained numerous microvilli and folds. Their interior was heterogenous in appearance. The nucleus was surrounded by large numbers of prominent vesicels and a well developed Golgi apparatus, but scant endoplasmic reticulum.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.245-248
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• 2014

Trafficking of viral glycoproteins to the cell surface results in syncytium formation in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). An extract from the medicinal Areca catechu L plant inhibited not only syncytium formation, but also trafficking of the hemagglutinin-neuramidase (HN) glycoprotein to the cell-surface. The viral glycoprotein was processed within the endoplasmic reticulum during transit to the cell membrane. Fungal extracts showed inhibitory activities ($IC_{50}10{\mu}g/mL$) against ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. These results suggested that A. catechu L. extracts inhibited the cell-surface expression of NDV-HN glycoprotein without significantly affecting HN glycoprotein synthesis in NDV-infected BHK cells.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 1999

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer known as one of endocrine disruptors. The present study was carried out to investigate the alterations of function and ultrastructure in rat testes after oral intubation of DEHP in dosages of 1g/kg/day, 2 g/kg/day or 3 g/kg/day in 0.5 ml of corn oil for 15 days. DEHP reduced the growth of body and testes, inhibited apermatogenesis and induced structural changes on various cell types of the rat testis. Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and the developing germ cells seemed to be impaired their differentiations in terms of the structural changes of cell organelles. The increase of heterochromatin in amount were common features in all 3 cell types. In addition, the Leydig cells were characterized by the swelling of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear space, the increases in number and size of Iysosomes. The Sertoli cells became irregular in nuclear envelope and the number of Iysosomes and vacuoles seemed to be increased. There were some indications of necrosis of the germ cells, such as vacuolized nucleus and segregated nucleolus. And also, DEHP lowered the level of testosterone in experimental rat serum. DEHP suppressed apermatogenesis decreasing developing germ cells and these effects of DEHP on the rat testis were dose dependent. The detrimental effect of DEHP on apermatogenesis and ultrastructure of rat testes seems to be derived from the decreased level of testosterone by Leydig cells, followed by the abnomalities of Sertoli cells and the germ cells.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.231-246
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of squalene (SQ) on the mouse hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium. ICR male mouse weighting about 30 gm were injected $CdCl_2$ (5.0 mg/kg) and SQ (180 mg/kg) into intraperitoneal. At the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days, livers were treated with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and transmission electron microscopical method and then observed with electron microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows: SOD activity in the liver, Group A was higher than in normal. Group B was lower than in Group A. In the histological observation, nucleus of Group A showed irregular shape. Inner cavity of mitochondria swellen and development of cristae weakened. Swelling of Lamellae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) showed. Nucleus of group B showed normal shape. Typical lamellae of RER were observed. These results described above treatment of SQ decreased the hepatotoxicity of the $CdCl_2$ and SOD activity in the mouse liver, and then it suggests SQ may be effective for the recovery of hepatic cell.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.291-301
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• 2002

The present study was performed to compare the morphological differences of flight muscles among 3 species from insects (Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith, Davidins lunatus B. and Serrognathus platymelus castanicdor M.) by investigating ultrastructural observation and stereological analysis. Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith has the most flight hours. In addition, the number and arrangement of mitochondria and the structure of sarcomere were similar to those of vertebrates. However sarcomere structure of Davidins lunatus B. was irregular and the sarcomere length was longer than that of Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith. In Serrognathus platymelus castanicdor M. which has the least flight hours, the length of sarcomere appeared longer than that of Davidins lunatus B. In results of stereological analysis, Serrognathus platymelus castanicdor M. had the highest volume density of myofibrils in all species. The volume and numerical density of mitochondria and the volume density of sarcoplasmic reticulum were highest Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith and Davidins lunatus B. respectively. This study suggests that the flight hours and flight pattern by different ecological habitats may cause the morphological changes of flight muscle.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 1992

This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the parafollicular cells of rat following X-ray irradiation. Male rats were divided into normal and experimental groups. The head and neck region of the rat, under sodium thiopental anesthesia, was exposed to 3,000 rads or 6,000 rads of radiation in a single dose, respectively. The source was a Mitsubishi Linear Accelerator ML-4MV. The target to skin distance was 80 cm, and the dose rate was 200 rads/min. The rate of experimental groups were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd and 6th day after X-ray irradiation. Pieces of the tissue taken from the thyroid gland were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde (0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), and in 1% osmium tetroxide (0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), and embedded in araldite mixture. The ultrathin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follow; 1. Two types of the parafollicular cells, according to their electron densities, were found, i. e., light cells and dark cells. 2. Three types of the parafollicular cells, according to their sizes of secretory granules were found, i.e., small granule cells ($85nm{\pm}20.1;64{\sim}102nm$), medium granule cells ($120nm{\pm}26.5;77{\sim}179nm$), and large granule cells ($165nm{\pm}25.7;128{\sim}189nm$). 3. The differential ultrastructural changes of the cells according to their cell types, i.e., dark and light cell, or small, medium and large granule cells, were hardly observed in the time and dose range covered by this study. 4. The morphological changes of the parafollicular cells were not pronounced after exposure to 3,000 rads of X-ray. 5. Swollen cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and partial cytolysis were observed after exposure to 6,000 rads of X-ray. 6. Above results suggest that the parafollicular cells showed the alterations of mitochondrial and granular endoplasmic reticular swelling, and partial cytolysis, but only in doses of 6,000 rads.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.353-362
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• 1999

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticize. known as one of endocrine disruptors. The present study was carried out to investigate the ultrastructural changes of prepubertal rat testis after oral administration of DEHP in dosages of 1 g/kg, 3 g/kg or 5g/kg in 0.5 ml of corn oil daily for a week. This study revealed the DEHP inhibited the development of seminiferous tubules and induced structural changes on various cell types of the rat testis. Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and the developing germ cells seemed to be impaired their differentiations in terms of the structural changes of cell organelles. The increase of heterochromatin in amount were common features in all 3 cell types. In addition, the Leydig cells were characterized by the increases in number and size of lysosomes and the scantiness of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The Sertoli cells became irregular in nuclear envelope and the cytoplasm decreased, but the number of lysosomes and vacuoles seemed to be increased. There were some indications of necrosis of the germ cells, such as vacuolized nucleus and segregated nucleolus. These detrimental effects of DEHP on the rat testis were dose dependent and suppressed spermatogenesis decreasing developing germ cells in number and appearances. The effect of DEHP on ultrastructure of rat testis, as its known physiological functions, seems come from the decreased level of testosterone by Leydig cells, followed by the abnomalities of Sertoli cells and the germ cells.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 1998

This study was designed to investigate the appearence and the characteristics of the apoptotic cells and the process of the joint cavity formation in mouse knee joint. Fetal mouse knee joints from 15 to 19 days of gestation were used. Paraffin-embedded serial sections, stained with H & E for light microscopic observation, Epon 812 embedded thin sections for electron microscopic observation and Lowicryl HM 20 embedded thin sections for immune-electron microscopic observation were prepared. Monoclonal antibodies to $\beta-tubulin$ and polyclonal antibodies to tissue transglutaminase were used for immune-electron microscopic study. The results obtained were as follows. 1. At 15 days of gestation, blood vessels, which have invaded in the mesenchymal cells, were present in the synovium, to form the joint cavity in the future. 2. At 16 days of gestation, the joint cleft was first appeared and several RBCs were present in the joint cleft. The invasion of blood vessels into the joint cleft was continuing, and apoptotic cells were present in the inner cell layer, adjacent to the joint cleft. Necrotic cells were also present in the outer cell layer; they were present 18 days of gestation, but apoptotic cells did not appear after 17 days of gestation. 3. In the apoptotic cells, transglutaminase were localized around vacuoles and the marginal site of the cytoplasm. 4. In the apoptotic cells, tubulin was around the endoplasmic reticulum and the marginal site of the cytoplasm. In the late stage of apoptotic cells, tubulin was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm. Tubulin was also strongly labeled around in the cytoplasm of the neighboring cell at which the apoptotic body was phagocytosed. Tubulin labeled particles were apparently increased in the seperated apoptotic bodies. On the basis of the above findings, it is proposed that during the development of the mouse knee joint, blood vessel invasion first occurs and then apoptosis and cell necrosis follow it. In the apoptotic cell, present in the synovium of the developing knee joint of the mouse. it is suggested that the redistribution of tubulin is associated with apoptotic process. And transglutaminase overexpressed in the apoptotic cell.