• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.79-93
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• 2018

Objectives : The climate changes in the natural realm displays pheonomena of excess and deficiency due to the principle of Yiyinyiyangzhiweidao. Here, overabundant qi arises due to the works of multiplication and insultation. When this overabundant qi is in force, the retaliating qi appears without fail to create a parallel. This is the Autonomous Equilibrium Mechanism found in the natural world. Studying this mechanism is deeply significant in understanding the mechanisms of diseases. Methods : The paper is written by reviewing the texts found in Huangdineijing's Chapters of Yunqi, which are $Q{\grave{i}}jiaobiandalun$, Wuchangzhengdalun, $Liuyuanzhengj{\grave{i}}dalun$, Zhizhenyaodalun, and Suwenliuqixuanzhumiyu. Results & Conclusions : The overabundance and retaliation in Five Circuits take the form of the restrained child of the Five Circuits takes revenge on the overabundant qi on behalf of his mother. The overabundance and retaliation in Six Qi take the form of rapid healing of Benqi which was in stagnation. Traditionally, overabundant qi is the only one in existence when the Five Circuits are in excess and the year of Hai yin wu wei you xu's regular transformation. During this time, retaliating qi does not exist. When Five Circuits are in deficiency and in the year of Si shen zi chou mao chen's pattern transformation, both the overabundant and deficiency qis exist. However, regardless of regular transformation or pattern transformation, overabundant qi and retaliating qi cannot exist at the same time. This seems to be the rational conclusion. There are some regulations that overabundance and retaliation follow. First, the strong and weak, and number of days coincide. Second, overabundance qi appear during the first half of the period when the qi of controling heaven is in place. During the later half of the period when the qi of terrestrial effect is in force, retaliation qi is the one that appears. Third, overabundance and retaliation does not end with one time. Rather, they will continue to repeat appearance and disappearance without any set pattern. Fourth, the overabundance and retaliation of the guest qi and dominant qi only has overabundance and no retaliation.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.81-113
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• 2013

The World Trade Organization (WTO) offers remedies for non-compliance by the introduction of compensation or retaliation in the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). There are no the provisions under the WTO DSU and it seems unclear what retaliation is attempting to achieve. Therefore, it is unclear whether the goal of WTO retaliation is to induce compliance or to restore the balance between the rights and the obligations of WTO members. It has been claimed the WTO has a strong dispute settlement system by providing retaliation when the recommendations and rulings of Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) are not complied with. But this seems to be inadequate to bring about effective and timely compliance. Especially there is a problem with free riding by a violating member because the level of retaliation is determined from the expiration of a reasonable period of time, providing an incentive to delay compliance. Also the level of the suspension of concessions or other obligations authorized by the DSB is equivalent to the level of nullification or impairment, according to DSU Article 22.4. However, if the member concerned objections to the level of the suspension proposed, the matter shall be referred to arbitration. The arbitrator shall not examine the nature of the suspension of concessions or other obligations to be suspended but shall determine whether the level of such suspension is equivalent to the nullification or impairment. The arbitrator makes an assessment standard of equivalence by comparing the suspension of concessions or other obligations and the nullification or impairment calculated in terms of the amount of trade. But it is necessary that other standards replace the quantitative standards when the level of the nullification or impairment cannot be quantified by concrete damages.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.379-388
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• 2015

블랙컨슈머로 불리는 악성소비자들로 인해 기업은 재무적 피해와 함께 부정적 영향이 가중되고 있으며 선량한 다른 소비자들까지 피해를 입고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 블랙컨슈머 성향을 규명하고 인구통계적 특성에 따라 이러한 블랙컨슈머 성향에 차이가 나타나는지 살펴보는 것이다. 또한, 블랙컨슈머 성향이 보복의도와 자기정당성에 유의한 영향을 미치는지 파악하였다. 선행연구에서 활용된 블랙컨슈머 성향 구성요인(고의성, 상습성, 억지성, 기만성, 과도성), 보복의도, 자기정당성, 성별, 연령을 묻는 설문지를 구성하여 구글 온라인서베이를 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 블랙컨슈머 성향을 나타내는 측정변수들에 대해 탐색적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, '고의성', '상습성', '억지성'의 세 가지 요인이 추출되었으며 성별과 연령대별 블랙컨슈머 성향차이를 분석한 결과, 50대와 40대에서 '억지성'이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 40대와 30대에서 '상습성'이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 블랙컨슈머 성향 중에서 '고의성'은 자기정당성에, '억지성'과 '상습성'은 각각 보복의도와 자기정당성에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 기업뿐만 아니라 사회적으로 블랙컨슈머가 이슈화 되고 있음에도 불구하고, 학문적으로 개념정의는 물론 구성요인에 대한 실증연구가 미흡한 상황에서 본 연구결과는 향후 블랙컨슈머 관련 연구를 위한 기초자료 제공과 함께 실무적으로도 의미있는 시사점을 제공할 것으로 기대한다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권7호
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• pp.579-589
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• 2021

In the era of tough competition, the customer's emotional attachment to brand plays a vital role to the successes and failures of enterprises. Specifically in the case of doing business online, brands have to cope with the troubles of rising from brand hate as brand avoidance, negative word of mouth and brand retaliation. Traditionally, the brand communication is very hard to control and with online communities, the problems tend to be even more severe. This paper aims to explore and discuss the core concept, the driven factors and the actionable consequences of brand hate among netizens. A total of 358 valid responses were obtained from surveys taken from the internet users across the nation. Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was conducted using Smart PLS to assess the hypotheses. The result shows that the expression of brand hate among netizen consists of active hate and passive hate. Deficit value, deceptive advertising, negative past experience and ideology incompatibility have been confirmed as influencing factors on customers' brand hate emotion. Then brand hate itself causes the customer's actionable outcomes such as brand avoidance, brand negative word of mouth and brand retaliation. Along with the theoretical contributions and managerial implications have been recommended for enterprises to avoid netizens' brand hate.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.155-187
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• 2017

WTO에서는 GATT체제에서 나타났던 분쟁해결에 따른 문제점을 해결하기 위해 복잡한 절차를 분쟁해결양해(DSU)로 통일하였으며, 분쟁해결을 담당하는 상설기관으로 DSB와 상소기관(the Appellate Body)을 설치하였다. 또한 패널보고서의 신속한 의사결정을 위해 역총의제(reverse consensus system)를 도입하고, 사법적 기능을 크게 강화하는 등 절차에서 많은 개선이 이루어졌다. 그러나 미국은 아직도 자국법인 통상법 제301조를 통하여 일방적으로 분쟁해결을 시도하고 있다. 이와 같은 301조에 의한 일방적 보복조치는 공정한 분쟁해결을 저해하는 WTO협정위반에 해당한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 DSU의 특성과 최근 동향을 검토하고, WTO에서 합법적으로 인정하고 있는 대항조치와 미국의 일방적 보복조치를 비교하였다. 또한 일방적 보복조치에 따른 대표적인 US-Japan Automobiles (DS6) 사건과 EC-Bananas III (DS27) 사건을 법제적으로 분석하였다. 결과적으로 이러한 사건들은 WTO의 정합성(WTO-consistency)에 맞지 않는 것으로 미국의 일방적 보복조치가 국제적으로 인정되기 어렵다는 점을 시사점으로 제시하였다.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.191-202
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• 2020

The article brings the study of nonlocal, surface and the couple stress together to apparent the frequency retaliation of FG nanobeams (Functionally graded). For the examination of frequency retaliation, the article considers the accurate spot of neutral axis. This article aims to enhance the coherence of proposed model to accurately encapsulate the significant effects of the nonlocal stress field, size effects together with material length scale parameters. These considered parameters are assimilated through what are referred to as modified couple stress as well as nonlocal elasticity theories, which encompasses the stiffness-hardening and softening influence on the nanobeams frequency characteristics. Power-law distribution is followed by the functional gradation of the material across the beam width in the considered structure of the article. Following the well-known Hamilton's principle, fundamental basic equations alongside their correlated boundary conditions are solved analytically. Validation of the study is also done with published result. Distinct parameters (such as surface energy, slenderness ratio, as nonlocal material length scale and power-law exponent) influence is depicted graphically following the boundary conditions on non-dimensional FG nanobeams frequency.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2019

Recently, the United States and China have declared a 25% retaliatory tariff for the partner country products of 50 billion dollar scale. "Trade war" is getting full swing. Such conflicts between economic powers may spread to Japan like the domino phenomenon following the EU (European Union) and become bigger in the global trade war. As a result, Korea has an economic system with a high degree of external dependence, and there is an expert's analysis that it will become the largest victim of the global trade war. If the WTO Dispute Settlement Authority approves this US 301 retaliation measure in the same way as the past case (US-EU hormone-treated beef imports), the United States will not import any Chinese imported products Chinese products) can be imposed. If the US launches a special 301 or super 301, which is stronger than the regular 301, then China is very likely to enforce US retaliation against it, and the trade war between the two countries could become a reality. This phenomenon is likely to have a negative impact on Korean companies. In particular, Korea, which is highly reliant on intermediate goods exports to China, is expected to suffer a great deal of damage. Therefore, Korea needs flexible response at home and abroad, it is necessary to enhance the autonomy of companies and protect export industries. Adjusting corporate tax rate as well as domestic industry height will be one way. The long-term (21 months) trade war between the United States and China has resulted in economic uncertainty. The resulting damage must be compensated. It is necessary to prepare the compensation through the economic council between countries. In the future, the punitive damage compensation system should be introduced.

• 철학연구
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• 제147권
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• pp.1-28
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• 2018

이 글은 니체의 정의론의 차별성을 드러내기 위해 '힘에의 의지'라는 근본개념을 매개로 타자와 사회적 계약을 맺는 정치적 행위에 대한 내재적 분석을 시도하고 공리주의, 자유주의, 민주주의를 포함한 근대 국가의 정치 이념에 대한 비판을 다룰 것이다. 즉 '덕'이라는 보편적 진리의 이름 뒤에 감추어진 심리적인 층위들을 벗겨내는 '계보심리학'으로 정의의 자명한 가치의 지반을 파헤쳐 허구성과 오류를 밝히는 작업이 될 것이다. '덕'에 근거한 자명한 정의 개념의 의미를 '비도덕적'일 뿐만 아니라 '도덕 바깥'에서 해체함으로써 보복이 아닌 사랑에 근거해 새로운 정서적 차원을 밝히려는 것이다. 니체가 정의를 권력관계의 역동성에서 분석하면서 그 가치의 개념을 복수, 보복, 원한과 같은 부정적인 감정이 아니라 '자비'와 '용서'라는 긍정적인 감정에 근거지을 때, 법의 집행에서 예외규정을 허용함으로써 보편성과 일관성을 상실하지 않는지 비판적으로 분석할 것이다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1126-1137
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• 2010

Customer misbehavior is a behavior that disrupts generally accepted behavioral norms in consumption situations. This study examined customer misbehavior in retail settings by identifying behavioral patterns and exploring behavioral backgrounds and consequences from a customer viewpoint. Qualitative data were collected from individual in-depth interviews, and 149 interviews were analyzed. Customer misbehavior was categorized into unethical returns, problem behaviors in service encounters, shoplifting/fraud, ill-mannered behaviors, and selfish behaviors. Motivations included monetary gain, adventurism, perceived acceptability of misbehavior, planned unfair complaints, and retaliation. Customers showed a negative image to unkind employees and stores yielding to misbehaviors that were learned and socialized among customers. The study further discusses implications.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.79-81
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• 2021

The film "The World of Us (2016)" shows the acquisition and loss of friendship that occur in the process of interpersonal shifts in latency school girls. Connection to the peer group helps compensate for the latency child's loss of parent-child intimacy and the ensuing feelings of loneliness. The protagonists realize that the relationship is not for retaliation or for victory, but for playing together. However the reality that lies in front of them will not be so easy. Watching this film reminds one of childhood.