• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.371-375
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• 1999

The present study was conducted to evaluate the mottgrass alone and in combination with berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) at different intake levels to determine the lag time, rate and extent of digestion of DM and NDF of mottgrass. Four ruminally cannulated buffalo calves were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square Design with $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. The two factors were forage intake levels (ad libitum versus restricted) and forage source (mottgrass versus mottgrass plus 25% berseem). Four dietary treatment consisted of 1) ad libitum mottgrass, 2) restricted feeding of mottgrass, 3) ad libitum mottgrass plus berseem with a ratio of 3:1 and 4) restricted mottgrass plus berseem in a ratio of 3:1 Calves fed ad libitum mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem consumed 25% more DM and 15 % more NDF than those fed mottgrass only. The in situ DM digestibility, the lag time and extent of digestion were not affected by intake level. However, rate of disappearance was greater in restricted fed animals than those fed ad libitum. This increased rate could be due to greater concentration of fibrolytic bacteria in restrict fed animals. The DM digestibility was greater (64.1%) in calves fed mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem than those fed mottgrass only (57.7%). The reduced mottgrass DM digestion may be due to its higher NDF contents. The NDF digestibility, the lag and extent of NDF digestion were not affected by varying intake levels. However, rate of digestion of NDF was higher in restricted fed animals than those of ad libitum fed animals. The NDF digestibility was greater (58.4%) in calves fed mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem than those fed mottgrass (48.7%) only.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2012

We investigated compensatory growth of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in structural size and live weight in response to different deprivation periods and refeeding. Four treatments were assigned randomly to fish in 12 glass tanks, with each treatment performed in triplicate. The control group was fed to satiation three times a day throughout the experiment. The other three treatment groups were starved for 1 week (S1), 2 weeks (S2), or 4 weeks (S4) and then fed until the end of the experiment. After the experiment, no significant differences were observed among S1, S2, and the control group in average weight or length, whereas the weight and length of S4 were significantly reduced. Relative condition factors of the three starved groups decreased significantly until the end of the restricted period but recovered rapidly after refeeding. The specific growth rate in weight ($SGR_W$) of the three restricted groups recovered quickly upon refeeding and were significantly higher than the control group, but these differences disappeared gradually until the end of the experiment. No significant difference in specific growth rate in length ($SGR_L$) was noted between the control group and the three restricted groups after refeeding. All three groups showed hyperphagia for a short period upon refeeding, and no statistical differences were observed in feeding efficiency among the four groups.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2000

The regional distribution and relative frequencies of endocrine cells were studied immunogistochemically (PAP methods) in the alimentary tract of the tree frog, Hyla areorea japonica, using specific antisera against serotonin, somatostatin, bovine Sp-1/chromogranin (BCG), cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastrin, bombesin, secretin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Six kinds of endocrine cells were identified in this study, These immunoreactive cells were located in the gastric glands of stomach regions and in the basal portion of the epithelium of the intestinal tract or esophagus with variable frequencies. They were spherical or spindle-shaped. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were observed in the whole alimentary tract including the esophagus. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were also detected throughout the alimentary tract except the rectum. CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were observed from the pylorus to ileum. Vip-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the rectum. Bombesin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the fundic gastric regions and gastrin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the pylorus. However, no BCG-, secretin and PP-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in this study. In conclusion, the regional distribution and relative frequency of the endocrine cells in the alimentary tract of the tree frog were similar to other anuran species, but some differences which may be caused by feeding habits and species specification were also observed.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.4-6
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• 1975

Field trials and research works have shown that the sexually retarded pullets are better equipped to lay larger eggs at the commencement of lay than the pullets grown under the natural conditions with no control over the rate of maturity. The method of delaying the sexual maturity by restricting the nutrient intake is receiving a considerable attention from the research workers, since the nutrient restriction can be a method of reducing the rearing cost. Many experiments were carried out to study the effect of different methods of restricting the nutrient intake of the chicken. But the comparisons between these experiments are difficult because of the differences in the environment, management, type of breed and feed, and in the length of the time during which the feed intake was restricted. In addition the comparisons were not made on an economic basis in these experiments. This experiment was designed to provide information on the reproductive responses to three different methods of restricting the nutrient intake in a egg type stock and to establish which methods are economically profitable. (omitted)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1563-1567
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• 2017

Objective: The influence of substituting steam-flaked corn (SFC) for dry rolled corn (DRC) on feedlot cattle growth performance and dietary net energy when cattle are allowed either ad libitum or 2-h restricted access to the finishing diet was evaluated. Methods: Treatment effects were tested using 96 crossbred steers ($251{\pm}2kg$) during the initial 56 d of the finishing phase. Cattle were blocked by weight and randomly assigned within blocks to 16 pens (4 pens/treatment). Bunk space was sufficient (41 cm/head) to allow all steers access to the feed bunk at the same time. Treatments consisted of two finishing diets containing (dry matter basis) 77.1% corn grain processed by dry rolling (density = 0.50 kg/L) or steam flaking (density = 0.36 kg/L). Cattle were fed twice daily at 06:00 and 14:00 h, allowing for approximately 5% residual. In the case of restricted feeding, steers were allowed access to feeders for 1 h following each feeding, after which residual feed was withdrawn. Results: There were no treatment interactions on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), gain efficiency (G:F), or dietary net energy (NE). Restricting feed access time reduced (p<0.01) feed intake, and hence, ADG. Substitution of SFC for DRC increased (p<0.01) ADG, feed efficiency (G:F), and estimated dietary NE, without affecting DMI. Based on tabular net energy of maintenance ($NE_m$) value (2.18 Mcal/kg) for DRC, the estimated $NE_m$ value for SFC using the replacement technique, averaged 2.44 Mcal/kg; an improvement of 10.7%. The ratio of observed-to-expected dietary NE was not affected by feed access time. Conclusion: Substitution of SFC for DRC in finishing diets for feedlot cattle enhanced ADG, gain efficiency, and the NE value of the diet. Although restriction of feed access time depressed DMI and ADG, it did not affect the comparative benefit of steam flaking toward enhancement of ADG, G:F, and dietary NE.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2003년도 제20차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.97-98
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• 2003

육성기 제한급이가 육성기 발육특성 및 기초 산란형태에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 갈색 산란계 1,080수를 공시하여 24주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. C는 자유채식을 시켰으며, T1은 6∼12주령까지 대조구 70％, 18주령까지 75％ 수준으로 급여하였고, T2는 12∼18주령까지 T1과 동일하게 급여하였다. 18주령 체중은 T1이 가장 낮게 나타났고 C와 T2는 비슷하게 나타났으나 20주령 체중은 처리간 모두 비슷하게 나타났다. 18주령까지 사료섭취량은 T1이 가장 적었으며 C가 가장 많았다. 초산일령은 C가 가장 빨랐지만 90％ 산란일정은 T1이 가장 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 연란과 쌍란 발생률은 C가 가장 많았고 T1이 가장 적은 것으로 나타났다. 이상과 같은 결과에서 육성 초기 사료 제한급이는 육성기 사료섭취량과 산란초기 연란 및 쌍란 발생률을 감소시키며 급격한 산란증가를 유도하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.176-179
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• 1985

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 예취시기(刈取時期)를 달리하여 조제(調製)한 silage를 이용(利用)하여 예취시기(刈取時期)와 섭취량(攝取量)이 소화율(消化率)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 대하여 검토(檢討)하였다. 목초(牧草)는 6월(月) 4일(日)(영양생장기(營養生長期)), 조기예취(早期刈取)과 6월(月) 30일(日)(출수기(出穗期), 만기예취(晩期刈取)에 예취(刈取)된 1 번초(番草)로 silage를 조제(調製)하였으며, 이 silage는 제한급여(制限給與)와 자유채식(自由採食)의 수준(水準)으로 면양에서 급여하였다. 예취시기(刈取時期)가 늦어짐에 따라, silage의 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 및 조지방함량(粗脂肪含量)은 감소(減少)하였고, 섬유질함량(纖維質含量)은 증가(增加)하였다. 건물섭취량(乾物攝取量)은 조기예취(早期刈取) silage구(區)와 만기예취(晩期刈取) silage 구간(區間)에는 유의차(有意差) (P<0.01)가 인정되었다. 조기예취(早期刈取) silage구(區)에서, 제한급여(制限給與)와 자유채식간(自由採食間)의 건물소화율(乾物消化率)에서는 유의차(有意差)가 없었으나, 배양상태(排養狀態)를 고려(考慮)하지 않은 무제한급여(無制限給與)에서는 현저하게 감소(減少)하였으며, hemicellulose 소화율(消化率)(P<0.05)을 제외(除外)한 성분(成分)에서는 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 한편, 만기예취(晩期刈取) silage 구(區)에서 제한급여(制限給與)와 자유채식간(自由採食間)에는 조단백질(粗蛋白質), NDF 및 hemicellulose 소화율(消化率)에서 유의차(有意差)(P<0.05)가 있었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로부터 예취시기(刈取時期)가 다른 목초(牧草)의 소화율(消化率)은 급여수준(給與水準)에 따라 달라지게 되므로, 조사료(粗飼料)의 사료가치(飼料價値)를 평가(評價)함에 있어서는 급여수준(給與水準)과 소화율(消化率)과의 관계를 주의깊게 고려해야 할 것이다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 1988

The effect of supplementary feeding on postpartum ovarian activity, reproductive performance and plasma progesterone concentrations in Cheju native cows was studies. The group with adequate nutrition had greater mean body weight than did the underfed group before and after calving. First ovulation occurred 19.5 days and first oestrus at 37.8 days postpartum in the standard group, however, there was delay in first ovulation and oestrus in the restricted group (73.4 days and 111.8 days). Progesterone concentraitons of full fed animals gradually increased from 6 weeks(0.5ng/ml) to 12 weeks(3.3ng/ml) after calving. However, progesterone concentrations of underfed animals had a slight increase in 10 weeks after dalving(0.80ng/ml).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.537-539
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• 1989

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.85-98
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• 1996

Results of experiments on the nutrient requirements and feeding system of broiler breeder hens were reviewed, and daily requirements of energy and protein were calculated using the prediction equations reported by Scott(1977) and NRC(1981). The experimental reports on daily ME needs of broiler breeder hens were ranged from 400 to 450 kcal, however, the ME needs of caged hens were 92~93% to those of floor-housed hens due to the difference of ME need for activity. The ME needs of broiler breeders decreased with increasing environmental temperature corresponding to a drop of 25 kcal per day for each 5˚C rise. About 80~90% of the daily ME needs were used for body rnaintenance and activity of hens. Experimental results on daily protein needs of broiler breeder hens were ranged from 18 to 22 g, however, calculated protein needs decreased as the BW gain and eggmass output decreased after peak production, and about 60~65% of the daily protein needs were used for egg production. In the current practice, broiler breeder hens are restricted in feed, and consume their daily allowance in the first 2 to 6 h after dawn. The results suggest that eggshell quality can be significantly improved in hens fed during the afternoon when shell calcification is initiated, with no adverse effect on laying rate and fertility of eggs.