• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제55권9호
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• pp.309-315
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• 2012

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory tract illnesses in infants and young children worldwide. Despite its importance as a respiratory pathogen, there is currently no licensed vaccine for HRSV. Following failure of the initial trial of formalin-inactivated virus particle vaccine, continuous efforts have been made for the development of safe and efficacious vaccines against HRSV. However, several obstacles persist that delay the development of HRSV vaccine, such as the immature immune system of newborn infants and the possible Th2-biased immune responses leading to subsequent vaccine-enhanced diseases. Many HRSV vaccine strategies are currently being developed and evaluated, including live-attenuated viruses, subunit-based, and vector-based candidates. In this review, the current HRSV vaccines are overviewed and the safety issues regarding asthma and vaccine-induced pathology are discussed.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.163-167
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• 2013

The dynamics of the virus-host interface in the response to respiratory virus infection is not well-understood; however, it is at this juncture that host immunity to infection evolves. Respiratory viruses have been shown to modulate the host response to gain a replication advantage through a variety of mechanisms. Viruses are parasites and must co-opt host genes for replication, and must interface with host cellular machinery to achieve an optimal balance between viral and cellular gene expression. Host cells have numerous strategies to resist infection, replication and virus spread, and only recently are we beginning to understand the network and pathways affected. The following is a short review article covering some of the studies associated with the Tripp laboratory that have addressed how respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) operates at the virus-host interface to affects immune outcome and disease pathogenesis.

• BMB Reports
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.232-237
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• 2011

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of upper and lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children worldwide. Despite its importance as a respiratory pathogen, there is currently no licensed vaccine for prophylaxis of HRSV infection. There are several hurdles complicating the development of a RSV vaccine: 1) incomplete immunity to natural RSV infection leading to frequent re-infection, 2) immature immune system and maternal antibodies of newborn infants who are the primary subject population, and 3) imbalanced Th2-biased immune responses to certain vaccine candidates leading to exacerbated pulmonary disease. After the failure of an initial trial featuring formalin-inactivated virus as a RSV vaccine, more careful and deliberate efforts have been made towards the development of safe and effective RSV vaccines without vaccine-enhanced disease. A wide array of RSV vaccine strategies is being developed, including live-attenuated viruses, protein subunit-based, and vector-based candidates. Though licensed vaccines remain to be developed, our great efforts will lead us to reach the goal of attaining safe and effective RSV vaccines in the near future.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.188-192
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• 2017

호흡기세포융합바이러스는 소아 하기도 감염의 주된 원인으로 대부분의 양호한 경과를 보이지만, 일부에서는 호흡부전과 같은 심한 경과를 보이기도 한다. 이러한 심한 호흡기세포융합바이러스 감염에는 드물지 않게 폐외증상이 동반될 수 있다. 저자들은 기계 환기를 필요로 하는 하기도 감염과 함께 급성 심근염, 전격성 간 기능부전을 보인 심한 호흡기세포융합바이러스 감염을 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.267-273
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• 2013

Multiplex RT-PCR was used to detect respiratory viruses in 5,318 clinical samples referred to the laboratory of a tertiary teaching hospital from December 2006 to November 2010. The acquired data were analyzed with respect to types, ratio, and co-infection trends of infected respiratory viruses. Trends in respiratory viral infection according to sex, age, and period of infection were also analyzed. Of the 5,318 submitted clinical samples, 3,350 (63.0%) specimens were positive for at least one respiratory virus. The infection rates were 15.8% for human rhinovirus, 14.4% for human respiratory syncytial virus A, 9.7% for human respiratory syncytial virus B, 10.1% for human adenovirus, 5.4% for influenza A virus, 1.7% for influenza B virus, 4.7% for human metapneumovirus, 2.3% for human coronavirus OC43, 1.9% for human coronavirus 229E/NL63, 3.7% for human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)-1, 1.1% for HPIV-2, and 5.3% for HPIV-3. The co-infection analysis showed 17.1% of double infections, 1.8% of triple infections. The median age of virus-positive patients was 1.3 years old, and the 91.5% of virus-positive patients were under 10 years old. Human respiratory syncytial virus was the most common virus in children < 5 years of age and the influenza A virus was most prevalent virus in children over 5 years of age. These results help in elucidating the tendency of respiratory viral infections.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.185-189
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• 2019

Respiratory pathogens of calves including bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (BPI3V), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) and Mycoplasma spp is well-known for winter pathogens. However, there are no studies about summer pneumonia pathogens of calves in Korea. The aim of this study was to detect respiratory pathogens from calves with summer pneumonia. Eighty calves from 5 regions were chosen and their nasal swabs were used to detect respiratory pathogens with real-time PCR. Mycoplasma spp was major primary respiratory pathogens in calves with summer pneumonia. Although, the detection rates of respiratory viruses were very low, serological assays showed that respiratory viruses exist widely in farms.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2009

Viruses are the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children and are a major public health problem in this age group. Viruses were identified in 54.9-70.4% of hospitalized infants and children with LRTIs in Korea. The viral pathogens identified included respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and RSV B, influenza (Inf) A, Inf B, parainfluenza (PIV)1, PIV2, human bocavirus (hBoV), human rhinovirus (hRV), adenovirus (ADV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human coronavirus (hCoV)-OC 43, hCoV-229E, hCoV-NL63, hCoV-HKU1, and human enterovirus (hEV). Coinfections with ${\geq}$2 viruses were observed in 11.5-22.8% of children. The occurrence of LRTIs was the highest in the first year of life. The specific viruses are frequently associated with specific clinical syndromes of LRTIs. LRTIs caused by RSV were predominant among younger infants. hRV accounted for a larger proportion of LRTIs in young infants than ADV and hBoV. hMPV was frequently detected in children >24 months old. The number of hMPV infections peaked between February and May, whereas hRV was detected throughout the year. Thus far, hCoV is a less common respiratory pathogen in cases of ALRI and URI in Korean children.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2014

목적: 본 연구는 소아에서 호흡기바이러스 감염과 폐렴구균의 상기도 보균율 간의 연관성을 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 2009년 5월부터 2010년 6월까지 서울대학교 어린이병원에 호흡기 증상을 주소로 내원한 18세 미만 소아로부터 채취한 비인두 흡인물을 대상으로 폐렴구균을 배양하고 RT-PCR을 통해 호흡기 바이러스(influenza virus A와 B, parainfluenza virus 1, 2와 3, respiratory syncytial virus A와 B, adenovirus, rhinovirus A/B, human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus 229E/NL63, OC43/HKU1)를 검출하여 호흡기바이러스 검출과 폐렴구균 보균 사이의 연관성을 분석하였다. 결과: 대상 환자의 중앙 연령은 27개월이었다. 총 1,367건의 비인두 흡인물 중 폐렴구균이 배양된 검체는 228개(16.7%)이었고, 호흡기바이러스가 검출된 검체는 731개(53.5%)이었다. 흔히 분리된 바이러스는, rhinovirus(18.4%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A (10.6%), adenovirus (6.9%), influenza virus A (6.8%) 순으로 나타났다. 폐렴구균 보균율은 호흡기바이러스 양성인 경우가 21.3% (156/731)로 음성인 경우 11.3% (72/636)보다 높았다(P<0.001). 검출된 호흡기바이러스의 종류에 따라서는 influenza virus A [24.7% (23/93) vs 16.1% (205/1274), P=0.001], RSV A [28.3% (41/145) vs 15.3% (187/1222), P=0.001], RSV B [31.3% (10/32) vs 16.3% (218/1335), P=0.042], rhino-virus A/B [22.6% (57/252) vs 15.3% (171/1115), P=0.010]가 양성인 소아는 음성인 소아에 비하여 폐렴구균 보균율이 높게 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구 결과, 호흡기 증상이 있는 소아에서 호흡기바이러스가 검출된 경우 폐렴구균 보균율이 높았다. 향후 호흡기바이러스와 폐렴구균의 보균에 의한 호흡기 감염병의 임상발현 기전을 밝히는 데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제55권12호
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• pp.470-473
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this prospective case-control study was to survey the detection rate of respiratory viruses in children with Kawasaki disease (KD) by using multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and to investigate the clinical implications of the prevalence of respiratory viruses during the acute phase of KD. Methods: RT-PCR assays were carried out to screen for the presence of respiratory syncytial virus A and B, adenovirus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 4, influenza virus A and B, metapneumovirus, bocavirus, coronavirus OC43/229E and NL63, and enterovirus in nasopharyngeal secretions of 55 KD patients and 78 control subjects. Results: Virus detection rates in KD patients and control subjects were 32.7% and 30.8%, respectively (P=0.811). However, there was no significant association between the presence of any of the 15 viruses and the incidence of KD. Comparisons between the 18 patients with positive RT-PCR results and the other 37 KD patients revealed no significant differences in terms of clinical findings (including the prevalence of incomplete presentation of the disease) and coronary artery diameter. Conclusion: A positive RT-PCR for currently epidemic respiratory viruses should not be used as an evidence against the diagnosis of KD. These viruses were not associated with the incomplete presentation of KD and coronary artery dilatation.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.182-190
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• 2017

Background: Respiratory viruses play a significant role in the etiology of acute respiratory infections and exacerbation of chronic respiratory illnesses. This study was conducted to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children with acute viral lower respiratory infections. Methods: This study investigated 1,168 children diagnosed with acute viral lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs) between January 2012 and December 2014. Specimens of respiratory viruses were collected using a nasopharyngeal swab and analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and analyzed the clinical features of children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory infections. Results: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the main cause of infection in children aged <5 years, was the most commonly detected pathogen in children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia, and resulted in high proportions of children requiring oxygen treatment and intensive care unit admission. Rhinovirus was preceded by RSV as the second most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia, and was detected most frequently in the children aged ${\geq}6$ years. In addition, asthma was predominantly caused by rhinovirus in children aged ${\geq}6$ years, whereas croup was mostly caused by parainfluenza virus in those aged <5 years. Rhinovirus infection (p<0.001) and history of asthma (p=0.049) were identified as significant risk factors for readmission within a month. Conclusion: We identified the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory viruses in children with acute lower respiratory infections during the last 3 years. Our findings may provide useful clinical insight to comprehend the acute viral lower RTIs in children.