• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.129-139
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• 2019

The human respiratory tract hosts both pathogenic and commensal bacteria. The development of well-conserved 16S rRNA sequencing and culture-independent techniques has enabled many achievements in the study of the human microbiome. Microbial composition of the respiratory tract in early childhood has been shown to correlate to respiratory health in later stages of life. This review highlights current understandings of respiratory microbiota development in healthy children, examples of microbial interactions, impacts on the host immune system, and the relationship between respiratory tract microbiome and respiratory health.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.68 no.6
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• pp.319-327
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• 2010

Pneumonia represents a spectrum of diseases that range from community-acquired to health care-associated pneumonia. Despite advances in diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and supportive care, pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in elderly patients and in those with significant comorbidities. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death from infectious disease in Korea. This article provides a synopsis of recent studies regarding various types of pneumonia, with a focus on CAP.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.251-256
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• 1996

Kartagener's syndrome, a congenital disease transmitted as an autosomal recessive illness with a prevalence of approximately 1:20,000 persons, is characterized by the triple association of situs inversus, bronchiectasis, and sinusitis. Affected persons have an incoordination of ciliary motility that leads to defective mucociliary transport, chronic bronchial infections. Kartagener's syndrome is a subset of the immotile cilia syndrome and therefore all patients with Kartagener's syndrome have immotile cilia with obvious ultrastructural defects in the ciliary axoneme. In the respiratory tract this inability presumably causes impaired clearance of mucus and inhaled particles and results in the chronic infections of the sinuses and bronchial trees that are characterized of the disease. The end-stage phenomenon in Kartagener's syndrome, respiratory or heart failure is a less common event and heart-lung transplantation is becoming an accepted therapy for patients with end-stage pulmonary disease in Kartagener's syndrome in many institutes. We report one case of Kartagener's syndrome in a 25-year-old young woman who was presented as respiratory and right heart failures, with review of literatures.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2023

Majority of the respiratory infectious diseases that are generally prevalent in Korea from autumn to winter are caused by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus. Therefore, there is rapidly rising interest in determining the antiviral effects of probiotics against respiratory viruses and elucidating the probable mechanism behind it. Various human clinical trials as well as animal experiments have shown that some probiotics potentially have antiviral activity based on their immunomodulatory effect. Hence, this review describes in detail the various possibilities of using probiotics as antiviral agents against respiratory viruses and their potential effects. Also, it provides basic data regarding the availability of different probiotics relevant for their production by dairy and food industries.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2009

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently recognized human respiratory pathogen, which is known to be associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections mainly in children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly. The clinical manifestations of hMPV infections are similar to those of the human respiratory syncytial virus infection, which range from mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Recently, hMPV has come to be thought of as the cause a similar spectrum of disease in adults as that seen in children; however, most of the reports of hMPV infections have focused on infection in children. We report a case of severe hMPV pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation in an immunocompetent adult in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a subsequent infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) virus to pigs with A. pleuropneumonia in pigs. Twenty three 7-weeks-old commercial pigs were infected with PRRS virus and/or A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 intratracheally. Feed conversion, clincal signs, gross and histopathological lesions and immunohistochemical findings were examined. 1. Feed conversion ratio in dual-infected pigs with PRRS virus and A. pleuropneumoniae were higher than that of single- infected pigs with PRRS virus or A. pleuropneumoniae. 2. Dual-infected pigs with PRRS virus followed by A. pleuropneumoniae showed more severe clinical signs and gross, histopathological and immunohistochemical pulmonary lesions. The results indicated that dual infections with PRRS virus and A. pleuropneumoniae caused more severe respiratory lesions and growth retardation in pigs than single infection with PRRS virus or A. pleuropneumoniae.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.385-394
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• 2021

Purpose: This study investigated the relationships between mothers' knowledge and practice level of cough etiquette and their children's practice level of cough etiquette as perceived by their mothers. Methods: This study was a descriptive correlational study. The data were collected from 160 mothers with preschoolers attending daycare centers and kindergartens in Gwangju, South Korea using self-reported questionnaires. Results: The correct answer rate for cough etiquette knowledge in mothers was 86.0%, mothers' average practice score was 33.65±4.14, and their children's average practice score was 28.39±4.85 out of 48. The correlation between mothers' cough etiquette knowledge and practice level was not statistically significant. However, mothers' cough etiquette practice was positively correlated with children's cough etiquette level as perceived by mothers (r=.35, p<.001). Conclusion: The development of a systematic cough etiquette education program and measurements for both mothers and children according to their developmental stages is important to effectively prevent respiratory infections.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2014

Purpose: This study aimed at determining the detection rate of respiratory viruses and at investigating the risk factors associated with respiratory virus detection in young infants. Methods: From September 2011 to August 2012, nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from 227 infants aged ${\leq}90$ days with suspected infectious diseases, including sepsis. We performed a retrospective analysis of their clinical characteristics. The prevalence of respiratory viruses in their nasopharyngeal swabs was assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Results: In total, 157 (69.2%) infants had more than one of the following respiratory viruses: respiratory syncytial virus (n=75), rhinovirus (n=42), influenza virus (n=18), parainfluenza virus (n=15), human metapneumovirus (n=9), coronavirus (n=9), adenovirus (n=4), and bocavirus (n=3). During the same period, bacterial infections were confirmed in 24 infants (10.6%). The detection of respiratory viruses was significantly associated with the presence of cough, a family history of respiratory illness, and a seasonal preference (fall/winter). Using logistic regression analysis, these 3 variables were also identified as significant risk factors. During fall and winter, detection of respiratory viruses was significantly higher in infants who did not have a bacterial infection. Conclusion: Respiratory virus is an important pathogen in young infants admitted to a hospital, who are suspected with infectious diseases. Detection of respiratory viruses in young infants was associated with seasonality (fall/winter), presence of respiratory symptoms and a family history of respiratory illness.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2002

Objectives : To identify the relationship between the use of medical services by workers with three types of respiratory diseases(total respiratory diseases, acute upper respiratory infections and chronic lower respiratory diseases) and exposure to hazardous agents after controlling for other factors affecting medical services use, such as characteristics of the enterprises(scale, industry type) and employee demographics (sex, age). Methods : The study population comprised 28,882 workers who had undergone general or special medical examinations at the industrial health center at least once between Jan 1995 and Dec 1997 and had possessed medical insurance during the period. We combined medical examination data with medical insurance data in order to analyze the relationship between exposure to hazardous agents and respiratory diseases, Results : Among the 28,882 study subjects, 17,454 employees(60.4%) used medical services more than once during 3-year study period, owing to more than one kind of respiratory diseases. In logistic regression analysis, sex, age and the size of the enterprises proved to be significant variables on the use of medical services for all three types of respiratory disease; The use of medical services increased with employee age. Women used more medical services than men and the employees in the large-scale enterprises used more services than employees in small-scale enterprises. However, exposure to dust or organic solvents did not affect medical service use due to total respiratory diseases or acute upper respiratory infections. Only in the case of chronic lower respiratory diseases did workers exposed to dusts(OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.01-1.24) or organic solvents(OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.05-1.35) use more medical services than those not exposed. Conclusions : Workers exposed to dusts or organic solvents are particularly apt to suffer from chronic lower respiratory diseases and use medical services more often than those not exposed. That is, chronic exposure to hazardous agents such as dusts and organic solvents is believed to be harmful and to cause respiratory symptoms and diseases.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.211-213
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• 2022