• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2019

The respirometric technique has been used to analyze the nitrification process in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR) treating municipal wastewater. Especially the profile of the respiration rate very well expressed the reaction characteristics of nitrification. As the nitrification process required a significant amount of oxygen for nitrogen oxidation, the respiration rate due to nitrification was high. The maximum nitrification respiration rate, which was about $50mg\;O_2/L{\cdot}h$ under the period of sufficient nitrification, was related directly to the nitrification reaction rate and showed the nitrifiers activity. The growth rate of nitrifiers is the most critical parameter in the design of the biological nutrient removal systems. On the basis of nitrification kinetics, the maximum specific growth rate of nitrifiers in the SBR was estimated as $0.91d^{-1}$ at $20^{\circ}C$, and the active biomass of nitrifiers was calculated as 23 mg VSS/L and it was about 2% of total biomass.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.76-96
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• 1985

Postoperative pain is one of the most frequently occurred pain in hospitals, but it has been underestimated because it is only a part of postoperative physiological Process and may disappear in time. It is necessary that nurses me the relaxation technique, planning and implementing by themselves independently, to reduce this postoperative pain. This study is aimed at showing the effect of relaxation technique on reduction of postoperative pain, and exploring the factors influencing postoperative. pain Fifty-seven patients with abdominal surgery who admitted in attacked D Medical Center to K University in Daegu have been studied. Of them twenty-nine were experimental group and the remaining twenty-eight were control group. This study has been conducted for collecting data through interviews and observation from August 23 to October 24, 1984. The tools of this study were two kinds: Postoperative Pain Scale is obtained from a review of references by the researcher, and relaxation technique, designed to use postoperative setting adequately, is also obtained from a review of references by the researcher. After confiriming no significant differences between the two groups, the hypotheses were statistically verified by x²-test, t-test, and pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are summerized as follows; ＊ The nam hypothesis that the experimental group who use relaxation technique will have less degree of postoperative pain than the control group who don't use relaxation technique is devided into three sub-hypotheses. 1. The first sub-hypothesis that the experimental group will have less score of postoperative pain than control group was accepted (t=7.810, p <.01). Even with controlling pain threshold, showing difference in some degree between the two groups, the experimental group has less score of postoperative pain than the control group. Therefore this confirms the acceptance of the first sub-hypothesis more strongly. 2. The second sub-hypothesis that the expermental group will have less frequency of analgesics than the control group is accepted (x²=9.85, p <.01). 3. The third sub-hypothesis that the experimental group will have less variation of pulse, respiration, and blood pressure between pre End post operative periods than the control group is rejected. So this hypothesis is reverified through comparing the variation of pulse, respiration, and blood pressure between pre and post changing Position to measure the pure effect of relaxation technique. pulse and respiration is significantly lowered in the experimental group (t=7.209, p<.01, t=3.473, p<.01), but systolic and diastolic blood pressure is not different significantly between the two groups (t= 1.309, p＞.05, t=1. 727 p>.05). Therefore the third sub-hypothesis is partially accepted. Conclusively, the researcher thinks that it is necessary that nurses should provide patients with relaxation technique to reduce postoperative pain, and to increase independence of nursing.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2008

Recently, MR Cholangiography used mainly bu controlling of patient's breathing. There is breathing hold techniques to get images within shopt time and gating technique adjusted to respiration cycle for high resolution image. In this study, the aim of this experiment is to know on clinical usefulness compared with PACE and RTG thchniques. This study's period is from 2006 in November to 2007 in January. A total of 21 patients investigated at MAGNETOM Sonata 1.5T (SIEMENS Erlangen) with use of 12ch body coil. MR acquisition protocol used 3D turbo spin echo coronal sequence. Scan parameters applied to potimal setting in use as gating techniques, respectively. Analysis of consuming timing evaluated with rapidness. As analysis of quantity, the common bile duct, gall bladder measured in signal intensities, then these data were calculated by signal to noise ratio and contrast to noise ratio. Qualitative analysis, experienced 2radiologists and 3 RTs were evaluated into 3groups about artifact, accuracy of lesions, sharpness of the common bile duct or gall bladder. As a result of analysis, when compared to PACE, consuming time of the RTG took less than PACE, On both CNRs and SNRs, PACE technique was slightly high values than RTG(p<0.05). Qualitative analysis' results, discrimination of lesions in the common bile duct, gall bladder get a significance level in both RTG and PACE techniques but presence's artifact of breathing and pulsation highly demonstrate in PACE techniques. In conclusion, both PACE and RTG methods at MRCP provided prominently clinical information for the common bile duct, gall bladder. If machines have not limitation with performance, induction of breathing holding also will help getting diagnistic quality.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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• v.55 no.7
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• pp.335-343
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• 2006

We have designed the system that measure one channel ECG by two electrode and extract real-time EDR with more related resipiration and comportable to subject by using conductive textile. On the assumption that relation between RL electrode and potential measurement electrode is coupled with RC connected model, we designed RL drive output to feedback two electrode for reduction of common mode signal. The conductive textile which was used for two ECG electrode was offered more comfort during night sleep in bed than any other method using attachments. In the method of single-lead EDR, R wave point or QRS interval area could be used for EDR estimation in traditional method, it is, so to speak, the amplitude modulation(AM) method for EDR. Alternatively, R-R interval could be used for frequency modulation(FM) method based on Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia(RSA). For evaluation of performance on AM EDR and FM EDR from 14 subject, ECG lead III was measured. Each EDR was compared with both temperature around nose(direct measurement of respiration) and respiration signal from thoracic belt(indirect measurement of respiration) on mean squared error(MSE), cross correlation(Xcorr), and Coherence. The upsampling interpolation technique of multirate signal processing is applied to interpolating data instead of cubic spline interpolation. As a result, we showed the real-time EDR extraction processing to be implemented at micro-controller.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2007

Respiration sating radiotherapy technique developed In consideration of the movement of body surface and Internal organs during respiration, is categorized into the method of analyzing the respiratory volume for data processing and that of keeping track of fiducial landmark or dermatologic markers based on radiography. However, since these methods require high-priced equipments for treatment and are used for the specific radiotherapy. Therefore, we should develop new essential method whilst ruling out the possible problems. This study alms to obtain body surface motion by using the couch based computer-controlled motion phantom (CBMP) and US sensor, and to develop respiration gating techniques that can adjust patients' beds by using opposite values of the data obtained. The CBMP made to measure body surface motion is composed of a BS II microprocessor, sensor, host computer and stopping motor etc. And the program to control and operate It was developed. After the CBMP was adjusted by entering random movement data, and the phantom movements were acquired using the sensors, the two data were compared and analyzed. And then, after the movements by respiration were acquired by using a rabbit, the real-time respiration gating techniques were drawn by operating the phantom with the opposite values of the data. The result of analysing the acquisition-correction delay time for the data value shows that the data value coincided within 1% and that the acquistition-correction delay time was obtained real-time $(2.34{\times}10^{-4}sec)$. And the movement was the maximum movement was 6 mm In Z direction, In which the respiratory cycle was 2.9 seconds. This study successfully confirms the clinical application possibility of respiration gating techniques by using a CBWP and sensor.

• Proceedings of the Korea Electromagnetic Engineering Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.315-318
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• 2002

본 논문은 도플러 레이다의 원리를 이용하여 인체 호흡수 측정기술에 관하여 기술하였다. 주파수 1.59㎓ 대역의 전자파를 이용한 인체 호흡수 측정의 역사적 배경과 함께 자세한 측정원리 및 방법을 제시하였다. 인체의 흉곽 운동에 의해 반사된 신호의 도플러 주파수 차이만큼의 변이량을 오실로스코프 상에서 단위시간 당 호흡수를 나타내었다. 헤테로다인 방식의 시스템으로 측정하였으며, 폴디드 슬롯 안테나를 자체 제작하여 사용하였다. 이와 같은 인체 호흡수 측정기는 생명체 탐지 장치나 수면 무호흡증 측정기로 사용될 수 있으며 동작 감지 레벨을 높이면 그 적용 범위는 더욱더 늘어날 것으로 예상된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.122-125
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• 2004

In radiotherapy of tumors in liver, enough planning target volume (PTV) margins are necessary to compensate breathing-related movement of tumor volumes. To overcome the problems, this study aims to obtain patients' body movements by using a moving phantom and an ultrasonic sensor, and to develop respiration gating techniques that can adjust patients' beds by using reversed values of the data obtained. The phantom made to measure patients' body movements is composed of a microprocessor (BS II, 20 MHz, 8K Byte), a sensor (Ultra-Sonic, range 3 cm ${\sim}$3 m), host computer (RS232C) and stepping motor (torque 2.3Kg) etc., and the program to control and operate it was developed. The program allows the phantom to move within the maximum range of 2 cm, its movements and corrections to take place in order, and x, y and z to move successively. After the moving phantom was adjusted by entering random movement data(three dimensional data form with distance of 2cm), and the phantom movements were acquired using the ultra sonic sensor, the two data were compared and analyzed. And then, after the movements by respiration were acquired by using guinea pigs, the real-time respiration gating techniques were drawn by operating the phantom with the reversed values of the data. The result of analyzing the acquisition-correction delay time for the three types of data values and about each value separately shows that the data values coincided with one another within 1% and that the acquisition-correction delay time was obtained real-time (2.34 ${\times}$ 10$^{-4}$sec). This study successfully confirms the clinic application possibility of respiration gating techniques by using a moving phantom and an ultra sonic sensor. With ongoing development of additional analysis system, which can be used in real-time set-up reproducibility analysis, it may be beneficially used in radiotherapy of moving tumors.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.316-324
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• 2004

Purpose : In radiotherapy of tumors in liver, enough planning target volume (PTV) margins are necessary to compensate breathing-related movement of tumor volumes. To overcome the problems, this study aims to obtain patients' body movements by using a moving phantom and an ultrasonic sensor, and to develop respiration sating techniques that can adjust patients' beds by using reversed values of the data obtained. Materials and Methods : The phantom made to measure patients' body movements is composed of a microprocessor (BS II, 20 MHz, 8K Byte), a sensor (Ultra-Sonic, range $3\~3$ m), host computer (RS232C) and stepping motor (torque 2.3 Kg) etc., and the program to control and operate it was developed. The program allows the phantom to move within the maximum range of 2 cm, its movements and corrections to take place In order, and x, y and z to move successively. After the moving phantom was adjusted by entering random movement data (three dimensional data form with distance of 2 cm), and the phantom movements were acquired using the ultra sonic sensor, the two data were compared and analyzed. And then, after the movements by respiration were acquired by using guinea pigs, the real-time respiration gating techniques were drawn by operating the phantom with the reversed values of the data. Results : The result of analyzing the acquisition-correction delay time the three types of data values and about each value separately shows that the data values coincided with one another within $1\%$ and that the acquisition-correction delay time was obtained real-time $(2.34{\times}10^{-4}sec)$. Conclusion : This study successfully confirms the clinic application possibility of respiration gating techniques by using a moving phantom and an ultrasonic sensor. With ongoing development of additional analysis system, which can be used in real-time set-up reproducibility analysis, it may be beneficially used in radiotherapy of moving tumors.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 1978

This study was done for the purpose of graphing rather improved technique through reviewing conventional technigue of the thoracic vertebrae lateral projection. The roentgenographic images which were taken at Korea University Hospital from January, 1976 to December, 1977 were observed for this study. The results were as belows: 1. The quality of diagnostic radiograph turned out that good is 21.4%, intermediate is 40.7% and poor is 37.9%. 2. The poor quality of images the caused by overlapping shadows(59.6%), incorrect position of patients(15.0%), motion of patients(7.5%), over-exposure(8.3%), under-exposure(6.7%) and processing faults(2.9%). The images were taken by following four methods of experiments were campared and researched in order to improve the problems of conventional technigues which were came out on the poor radiographes. 1. (Method 1) Low mA-long time exposure during normal respiration 2. (Method 2) Short time exposure during normal respiration 3. (Method 3) After deep inspiration, short time exposure during expiration 4. (Method 4) After full expiration, short time exposure during inspiration. In a result of the above experiments, it was found that the improved image could be got from the method 3.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.73-84
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• 1986

Photometric Winkler titration provides high precision enough to use the oxygen method in moderately productive waters In short incubation (2-4hr), about $2{\mu\textrm{g}}C/\ell/h$ can be differentiated by the photometric titration. The oxygen and $^{14}C$ methods resulted in good agreement with each other in the diurnal primary production measurements. Despite small descrepancies the severe underestimation of $^{14}C-technique$ was not observed in short-term incubation. Size-fractionated production studies indicated the importance of nanoplanktonic production in the coastal water (62-88%). Bacterial respiration may lead to significant underestimation in estimating net photosynthesis in the oxygen method. In spite of some problems associated with the ecological application of antibiotics, it seems feasible to use Gentamycin in separating planktonic respiration from that of total community.