• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 1997

Distribution and persistence of fenitrothion in rats were studied following oral administration of a single dose 300 mg/kg of body weight. Residue of the parent compound was analyzed in blood, liver, kidney, brain, lung and heart 2, 4, 6, 8 hours and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 days after oral administration. The maximum concentration of fenitrothion appeared in the blood, kidney, heart on the 2 hour and liver, brain, lung on the 4 hour. Residues of the parent compound in kidney were much higher and persistent than other tissues and the pesticide was not detected on the 7th day. Recoveries were ranged from 83.0(lung, $1 \mu g/g$) to 97.5%(blood, $1.5 \mu g/ml$).

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.110-113
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• 2006

Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP, EC 3.4.21.26, also referred to as prolyl oligopeptidase) degrades proline containing, biologically active neuropeptides such as vasopressin, substance P and thyrotropin-releasing hormone by cleaving peptide bonds on carboxyl side of prolyl residue within neuropeptides of less than 30 amino acids. Evaluation of PEP levels in postmortem brains of Alzheimer's disease patients revealed significant increases in PEP activity. Therefore, a specific PEP inhibitor can be a good candidate of drug against memory loss. Upon our examination for PEP inhibitory activity from micronutrients, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) showed small but significant PEP inhibition (13% PEP inhibition at $8{\mu}g{\cdot}ml^{-1}$). Palmitic acid showed almost no PEP inhibition. However, 6-O-palmitoyl ascorbic acid ($\underline{1}$) showed 70% PEP inhibition at $8{\mu}g{\cdot}ml^{-1}$ indicating that hydrophobic portion of the compound $\underline{1}$ may facilitate the inhibitory effect. $IC_{50}$ value of compound $\underline{1}$ was $12.6{\pm}0.2{\mu}M$. The primary and secondary Lineweaver Burk and Dixon plots for compound $\underline{1}$ indicated that it is a non-competitive inhibitor with inhibition constant (Ki) value of $23.7{\mu}M$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.134.1-134
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the release of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and other compounds from cell wall materials(CWM) and their cellulose fraction from carrot with chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. To investigate this effect on cell wall chemistry of carrot, alcohol insoluble residue(AIR) of CWM were prepared and were extracted sequentially with water, imidazole, CDTA(-1, -2), Na$_2$CO$_3$(-1, -2), KOH(0.5, 1.0 and 4M), to leave a residue. These were analysed for their carbohydrate and phenolic acids composition. Arabinose and galactose were the main noncellulosic sugars. Phenolics esterified to cell walls in carrot were found to consist primarily of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with minor contribution from vanillin, ferulic acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was quite strongly bound to the cell wall. The contents of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in 0.5M KOH, Na$_2$CO$_3$-2, IM KOH, and ${\alpha}$-cellulose were 2,097, 1,360, 1,140, and 717 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g AIR from CWM, respectively. Alkali labile unknown aromatic compound(C$\sub$7/H$\sub$10/O$_2$) was found in ${\alpha}$ -cellulose hydrolyzate digested with driselase and cellulase. This compound was also found in hydrolyzate of 2 M trifluoroacetic acid at 120$^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Driselase treatment solubilized only 46.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot AIR. These results indicate that p-hydroxybenzoic acid was associated with neutral polysaccharides, long chain galactose and branched arabinan from graded alcohol precipitation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.712-718
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• 2011

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is frequently used in Asian countries as a traditional medicine. The major components of ginseng are ginsenosides. Among these, ginsenoside compound K has been reported to prevent the formation of malignancy and metastasis of cancer by blocking the formation of tumor and suppressing the invasion of cancer cells. In this study, ginsenoside $Rb_1$ was converted into compound K, via secreted ${\beta}$-glucosidase enzyme from the Leuconostoc lactis DC201 isolated, which was extracted from Kimchi. The strain DC201 was suspended and cultured in MRS broth at $37^{\circ}C$. Subsequently, the residue from the cultured broth supernatant was precipitated with EtOH and then dissolved in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) to obtain an enzyme liquid. Meanwhile, the crude enzyme solution was mixed with ginsenoside $Rb_1$ at a ratio of 1:4 (v/v).The reaction was carried out at $30^{\circ}C$ and 190 rpm for 72 hours, and then analyzed by TLC and HPLC. The result showed that ginsenoside Rb1 was transformed into compound K after 72 hours post reaction.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.145-154
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• 2013

Flonicamid was a water-soluble and systemic insecticide. It was applied to control neonicotinod pesticide-resistant cotton aphid in sweet peppers. However, the residue levels of total flonicamid in sweet pepper exported to Japan in 2009 were exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL). This study was conducted to elucidate residual properties of flonicamid parent compound and its metabolites in sweet peppers. It was carried out to compare the variation of residues in sweet pepper in three different greenhouses for 21 days after 3 times application with 7 days interval. The mean residues were 0.176, 0.152 and 0.108 mg $kg^{-1}$ and the residue levels in sweet pepper among three greenhouses show significant difference. The maximum residue levels were detected 10 days later after last treatments. The overall residue levels were lower than MRL 2.0 mg $kg^{-1}$ (by Korea) and 0.4 mg $kg^{-1}$ (by Japan in 2009 but now revised MRL is 2.0 mg $kg^{-1}$). But the residue level of total flonicamid at the 21th day after 3 times treatment with 7 days interval was 0.429 mg $kg^{-1}$ restricted by the application of double rate than recommended rate. The amounts of metabolites, TFNA, 4-Trifluoro methyl nicotinic acid and TFNG, N-(4-trifluoro methyl nicotinoyl) glycine were increased while flonicamid parent compound was decreased over time. Therefore the longer trial period should be needed for flonicamid in sweet peppers.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 1992

Thermal behavior of residue and damaged layer formed by reactive ion etching (RIE) in $CHF_3/C_2F_6$ were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and secondary ion mass spec-trometry(SIMS) techniques. Decomposition of polymer residue film begins at $200^{\circ}C$ and above $400^{\circ}C$ carbon compound as graphite mainly forms by in-situ resistive heating. It reveals that thermal decomposition of residue can be completed by rapid thermal anneal treatment above $800^{\circ}C$ under nitrogen atmosphere and out-diffusion of carbon and fluorine of damaged layer is observed.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.114.2-114.2
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• 2011

Furfural is a versatile derivative. It can be utilized for a building-block of furfuryl alcohol production and a component of fuels or liquid alkanes. But in bio-process, furfural is a critical compound because it inhibits cell growth and metabolism. Furfural could be converted from xylose and usually produced from biomass in which hemicellulose is abundant. In this study, furfural production from miscanthus was performed and utilization of miscanthus residue was consequently conducted. At first, hydrolysis for investigation of miscanthus composition and furfural production was performed using sulfuric acid. Previously, we optimized dilute acid pretreatment condition for miscanthus pretreatment and the condition was found to be about 15 min of reaction time, 1.5% of acid concentration and about $140^{\circ}C$ of temperature and 60% (about 7 g/L) of xylose was solubilized from miscanthus. Using the xylose, furfural production was conducted as second step. Approximately $160{\sim}200^{\circ}C$ of temperature was accompanied with the hydrolysis for pyrolysis of biomass. When the investigated condition; $180^{\circ}C$ of temperature, 20 min of reaction time and 2% of acid concentration was operated for furfural production, furfural productivity was reached to be 77% of theoretical maximum. After reaction, residue of miscanthus was utilized as feedstock of ethanol fermentation. Residue was well washed using water and saccharified using hydrolysis enzymes. Hydrolysate (glucose) from saccharification was utilized for the carbon source of Saccharomyces cervisiae K35.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 2003

The characteristics of the commercial garbage-decomposing accelerant, Raw Material of Pomia(RMP), Pomia and Vitabio. were analyzed. In HPLC pattern, Pomia and Vitabio showed main peak of about 30kDa in 280nm wave length. RMP, Pomia and Vitabio showed three, two and two peaks in 210nm. K and Na ion content of RMP were 2,620 and 1,590ppm, respectively, and their content were the largest one among others. Ca, Mg and Mn ion content of RMP were also the largest one, but Zn ion content was the least one. $Cl^{-}$, $F^{-}$ and $NO_3^{-}$ ion content of RMP were the largest one, especially $Cl^{-}$ content was 3,553ppm. pH values of RMP and Pomia were in neutral region, but Vitabio was 9.03. Dried residue content of RMP, Pomia and Vitabio were 1.4%, 0.55% and 0.4%, respectively. The number of general bacteria on PCA plate from RMP, Pomia and Vitabio were 2.2{\times}10^{6}cfu/ml,{\;}6.5{\times}10^{3}cfu/ml{\;}and{\;}1.1{\times}10^{3}cfu/ml$, respectively. The number of facultative anaerobes of RMP was $4.4{\;}{\times}{\;}10^{4}cfu/ml$, and it was biggest one. Lactobacilli and yeasts were found less than 10cfu/ml at best. The bacterium exists in RMP in high frequency was identified as Bacillus subtilis. Volatile sulfur compound amount of garbage samples treated with Pomia and Vitabio in concentration of 1/500 at $33^{\circ}C$ for 8 days were 1,273ppb and 1,902ppb, respectively, and control showed 3,015ppb. Volatile organic compound amount of the garbage samples treated were 68,312ppb, 124,317ppb and 263,954ppm, respectively. Diethylamine that known as malodor compound were 5,107ppb, 261ppb and 11,124ppb, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1755-1761
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• 2016

Volatile flavor compounds in soy sauce residue (SSR) and acid hydrolysate of SSR (AHSSR) were analyzed by solid phase micro extraction (SPME)/gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MSD) methods. A total of 79 compounds were detected in samples (66 SSR and 60 AHSSR). Quantitatively, alcohols (433.37 ng/g), aldehydes (273.01 ng/g), esters (236.80 ng/g), and aromatic hydrocarbons (180.66 ng/g) were dominant in the volatiles of SSR, whereas furans (249.27 ng/g) were only dominant in AHSSR (P<0.05). Among these, four esters, 3-methylbutyl acetate (banana/pear-like), ethyl 3-methyl butanoate (fruity), ethylbenzene acetate (wine-like), and ethyl 3-methyl butanoate (apple-like), three alcohols, 3-methyl-1-butanol (fruity/whisky-like), 2-phenylethanol (floral/sweet), and 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom-like), four aldehydes, (E)-2-phenyl-2-butenal (chocolate-like), benzaldehyde (almond-like), 3-methylbutanal (malty), and 2-phenylacetaldehyde (floral), four aromatic hydrocarbons, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (smoky/soy sauce-like), 4-ethylphenol (medicine-like), 4-vinyl-2-methoxyphenol (woody), and phenol (woody), and two furans, furfural (almond-like) and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (caramel-like), were major compounds in SSR, whereas seven compounds, including furfural, 5-methylfurfural (almond-like), 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-phenylethanol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 3-methylbutanal, and benzaldehyde were major compounds in AHSSR.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.535-540
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• 2012

A series of benzamide-based histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors possessing N-(aminopyridine) residue as the zinc binding site of HDAC were synthesized and evaluated. Among these derivatives, compounds with N-(2-amino-4-pyridine) benzamide moiety have been found as the most potent ones. Moreover, introduction of appropriate substituents on the terminal aryl group acting as the surface-recognition domain could significantly improve the antiproliferative activity. In particular, the compound 4k possessed favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics and exhibited potent antitumor activity on xenograft model in mice at well tolerated doses, thus suggesting a good therapeutic index.