• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.683-696
• /
• 2023

The destruction and fracture of rock masses are crucial components in engineering and there is an increasing demand for the study of the influence of rock mass heterogeneity on the safety of engineering projects. The numerical manifold method (NMM) has a unified solution format for continuous and discontinuous problems. In most NMM studies, material homogeneity has been assumed and despite this simplification, fracture mechanics remain complex and simulations are inefficient because of the complicated topology updating operations that are needed after crack propagation. These operations become computationally expensive especially in the cases of heterogeneous materials. In this study, a heterogeneous model algorithm based on stochastic theory was developed and introduced into the NMM. A new fracture algorithm was developed to simulate the rupture zone. The algorithm was validated for the examples of the four-point shear beam and semi-circular bend. Results show that the algorithm can efficiently simulate the rupture zone of heterogeneous rock masses. Heterogeneity has a powerful effect on the macroscopic failure characteristics and uniaxial compressive strength of rock masses. The peak strength of homogeneous material (with heterogeneity or standard deviation of 0) is 2.4 times that of heterogeneous material (with heterogeneity of 11.0). Moreover, the local distribution of parameter values can affect the configuration of rupture zones in rock masses. The local distribution also influences the peak value on the stress-strain curve and the residual strength. The post-peak stress-strain curve envelope from 60 random calculations can be used as an estimate of the strength of engineering rock masses.

• 전산구조공학
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.119-132
• /
• 1992

반복하중을 받는 짧은 I보(Beam)의 횡-비틀림 좌굴(Lateral-Torsional Buckling)에 대한 광범위한 Parametric Study를 수행하여 보의 좌굴현상을 좀 더 깊이 고찰하고자 한다. 유한한 비틀림변형의 뒤틀림(Warping)이외에 미소한 절단변형의 뒤틀림도 고려한 기하학적(완전) 비선형의 일차원 보를 해석적 모델로 사용하고, 또한 금속의 주기적소성(Cyclic Plasticity)거동을 보다 잘 나타내기 위해 다축 주기적소성모델을 Consistent Return Mapping Algorithm과 결합시켜 적용한다. 기준치 근방에서 아래와 같은 여러가지 Parameter Study를 수행하므로써 반복하중을 받는 짧은 I보의 횡-비틀림 좌굴의 일반적 응답을 고찰한다 : 재료의 강복강도, 강복플래토(Yield Plateau), 변형율경화, 이동경화(Kinematic Hardening), 잔류응력, 작용하중의 절단중심에 대한 편심률, 작용하중의 보 단면에 대한 높이, 작용하중의 보 길이방향의 위치, 보 단면의 치수, 작용하중으로부터 멀리 떨어진 지지단의 고정도.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.489-504
• /
• 2017

The localized shear and the slip lines are easily observed in elastic-brittle-plastic rock. After yielding, the strength of the brittle rock suddenly drops from the peak value to the residual value, and there are slip lines which divide the macro rock into numbers of elements. There are slippages of elements along the slip lines and the displacement field in the plastic region is discontinuous. With some restraints, the discontinuities can be described by the combination of two smooth functions, one is for the meaning of averaging the original function, and the other is for characterizing the breaks of the original function. The slip lines around the circular opening in the plastic region of an isotropic H-B rock which subjected to a hydrostatic in situ stress can be described by the logarithmic spirals. After failure, the deformation mechanism of the plastic region is mainly attributed to the slippage, and a slippage parameter is introduced. A new analytical solution is presented for the plane strain analysis of displacements around circular openings. The displacements obtained by using the new solution are found to be well coincide with the exact solutions from the published sources.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.98-133
• /
• 1987

The mechanical and rheological properties of agricultural materials are important for engineering design and analysis of their mechanical harvesting, handling, transporting and processing systems. Agricultural materials, which composed of structural members and fluids do not react in a purely elastic manner, and their response when subjected to stress and strain is a combination of elastic and viscous behavior so called viscoelastic behavior. Many researchers have conducted studies on the mechanical and rheological properties of the various agricultural products, but a few researcher has studied those properties of rice plant, and also those data are available only for foreign varieties of rice plant. This study are conducted to experimentally determine the mechanical and the rheological properties such as axial compressive strength, tensile strength, bending and shear strength, stress relaxation and creep behavior of rice stems, and grain detachment strength. The rheological models for the rice stem were developed from the test data. The shearing characteristics were examined at some different levels of portion, cross-sectional area, moisture content of rice stem and shearing angle. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows 1. The mechanical properties of the stems of the J aponica types were greater than those of the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid in compression, tension, bendingand shearing. 2. The mean value of the compressive force was 80.5 N in the Japonica types and 55.5 N in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was about 70 percent to that of the Japonica types, and then the value increased progressively at the lower portion of the stems generally. 3. The average tensile force was about 226.6 N in the Japonica types and 123.6 N in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was about 55 percent to that of the Japonica types. 4. The bending moment was $0.19N{\cdot}m$ in the Japonica types and $0.13N{\cdot}m$ in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was 68 percent to that of the Japonica types and the bending strength was 7.7 MPa in the Japonica types and 6.5 MPa in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid respectively. 5. The shearing force was 141.1 N in Jinju, the Japonica type and 101.4 N in Taebaeg, the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was 72 percent to that of Jinju, and the shearing strength of Taebaeg was 63 percent to that of Jinju. 6. The shearing force and the shearing energy along the stem portion in Jinju increased progressively together at the lower portions, meanwhile in Taebaeg the shearing force showed the maximum value at the intermediate portion and the shearing energy was the greatest at the portion of 21 cm from the ground level, and also the shearing strength and the shearing energy per unit cross-sectional area of the stem were the greater values at the intermediate portion than at any other portions. 7. The shearing force and the shearing energy increased with increase of the cross-sectional area of the rice stem and with decrease of the shearing angie from $90^{\circ}$ to $50^{\circ}$. 8. The shearing forces showed the minimum values of 110 N at Jinju and of 60 N at Taebaeg, the shearing energy at the moisture content decreased about 15 percent point from initial moisture content showed value of 50 mJ in Jinju and of 30 mJ in Taebaeg, respectively. 9. The stress relaxation behavior could be described by the generalized Maxwell model and also the compression creep behavior by Burger's model, respectively in the rice stem. 10. With increase of loading rate, the stress relaxation intensity increased, meanwhile the relaxation time and residual stress decreased. 11. In the compression creep test, the logarithmic creep occured at the stress less than 2.0 MPa and the steady-state creep at the stress larger than 2.0 MPa. 12. The stress level had not a significant effect on the relaxation time, while the relaxation intensity and residual stress increased with increase of the stress level. 13. In the compression creep test of the rice stem, the instantaneous elastic modulus of Burger's model showed the range of 60 to 80 MPa and the viscosities of the free dashpot were very large numerical value which was well explained that the rice stem was viscoelastic material. 14. The tensile detachment forces were about 1.7 to 2.3 N in the Japonica types while about 1.0 to 1.3 N in Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid corresponding to 58 percent of Japonica types, and the bending detachment forces were about 0.6 to 1.1 N corresponding to 30 to 50 percent of the tensile detachment forces, and the bending detachment of the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid was 0.1 to 0.3 N which was 7 to 21 percent of Japonica types. 15. The detachment force of the lower portion was little bigger than that of the upper portion in a penicle and was not significantly affected by the harvesting period from September 28 to October 20. 16. The tensile and bending detachment forces decreased with decrease of the moisture content from 23 to 13 percent (w.b.) by the natural drying, and the decreasing rate of detachment forces along the moisture content was the greater in the bending detachment force than the tensile detachment force.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제23권9호
• /
• pp.5-16
• /
• 2007

비배수 상태에서의 변수 $S_u,\;E_u$, n의 함수로 표현되는 단순한 선형 완전점탄성 모델은 굴착 중에 연성 토양에 시공되는 지중연속벽의 변위를 예측하는데 사용된다. 그러나 유한요소해석에서의 이러한 모델은 굴착이 잠시 중단되었거나 완료된 후 지중연속벽의 측방향 변위를 연속적으로 예측하는 데 한계가 있다. 굴착이 이루어지지 않는 동안의 지중연속벽 주변 토양의 변형 거동특성을 연구하기 위하여, 지중연속벽 주변 토양에 작용하는 응력상태를 가정한 '방콕 연약 점토'에 대한 일련의 삼축압축시험이 모사되었다. 본 연구에서는 세 가지 다른 조건에서의 삼축압축시험이 실시되었는바, 압밀 비배수 조건에서의 재하($CK_0UC$), 압밀 배수 및 비배수 조건에서의 재하 및 제하($CK_0DUC$와 $CK_0UUC$)의 조건에서 시험이 실시되었다. 시험으로부터 일련의 $CK_0DUC$ 시험에서 얻은 전단강도는 $CK_0UC$ 시험에서의 잔류강도와 같음을 알 수 있었다. $CK_0DUC$ 시험에서 시험편에 가해지는 수평압력을 점진적으로 감소시키면서 측정한 탄성계수는 편차응력의 증가와 더불어 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 $CK_0UC$와 $CK_0DUC$시험에서 한계상태 관계의 기울기가 동일하게 나타났다. 더욱이, $CK_0DUC$시험에서 수평압력을 점진적으로 감소시킬 경우의, 축방향 및 반경방향 변형율 증가율을 시간, 한계상태 관계의 기울기, 편차응력과 평균 유호응력의 비의 함수로 표현할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 삼축압축시험의 제하 과정에서 얻은 시험 결과가 굴착 중 지중연속벽의 변형을 예측하는데 사용될 수 있음을 보였다.AFM)과 Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)을 통해 관찰한 GST 다층박막시료의 고온 열처리 전후 표면미시거칠기 변화도 PRAM 기록기를 사용할 때에는 in-situ 타원계를 사용할 때보다 1/10 정도의 크기를 보여주어 PRAM 기록기와 분광타원계를 사용하여 결정한 GST의 고온광학물성의 신뢰성을 확인하여 주었다.>, 여자 $179.1{\pm}37.2%$이었다. 평균필요량에 비해 가장 낮은 양을 섭취한 영양소는 엽산으로서 남자 $60.1{\pm}10.8%$, 여자 $54.6{\pm}9.9%$로 조사되었다. 칼슘의 섭취량은 평균필요량에 비해 전체 $74.9{\pm}31.9%$로 나타났다. 에너지 섭취량에 있어서 남자 노인들은 모두가 필요추정량의 75% 미만을 섭취하고 있었고 여자 노인의 경우에도 97%가 필요추정량의 75% 미만을 섭취하여 에너지 섭취량이 매우 낮았다 반면에 단백질 섭취량에 있어서는 남자 노인의 경우 100%가 평균필요량의 125%를 초과하였고, 여자 노인의 경우에는 91%가 평균필요량의 125%를 초과하여 대조적이었다. 비타민 A와 E는 각각 평균필요량과 충분섭취량의 125%를 초과하는 비율이 높게 나타난 반면에 비타민 $B_2$는 특히 남자 노인에서 평균필요량의 75%미만을 섭취한 비율이 높게 나타났다. 엽산 섭취량에 있어서는 평균필요량의 75% 미만을 섭취한 비율이 전체 96%로 나타나 심각한 부족상태로 조사되었다 반면에 철의 섭취량은 남녀 모두 100%가 평균필요량의 125%를 초과하여 섭취한 것으로 나타났다. 아연의 섭취량은 남자 17%,여자 15%가 평균필요량의 75% 미만을 섭취한 것으로 조사되었다. 에너지와 엽산은 모든 노인들에서 평균필요량에 미달되게 섭취한