• 산업기술연구
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2022

High nickel layered oxide cathodes are gaining increasing attention for lithium-ion batteries due to their higher energy density and lower cost compared to LiCoO₂. However, they suffer from the formation of residual lithium on the surface in the form of LiOH and Li₂CO₃ on exposure to ambient air. The residual lithium causes notorious issues, such as slurry gelation during electrode preparation and gas evolution during cell cycling. In this review, we investigate the residual lithium issues through its impact on cathode slurry instability based on deformed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as well as its formation and reduction mechanism in terms of inherently off-stoichiometric synthesis of high nickel cathodes. Additionally, new analysis method with anhydrous methanol was introduced to exclude Li⁺/H⁺ exchange effect during sample preparation with distilled water. We hope that this review would contribute to encouraging the academic efforts to consider practical aspects and mitigation in global high-energy-density lithium-ion battery manufacturers.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2013

Dialysis is the rate-limiting step in the preparation of aqueous silk fibroin (SF) solution. However, the traditional practice of dialyzing SF solution for at least 48 h to remove LiBr is not based on empirical evidence. The aim of the present study was to systematically measure LiBr content in SF solutions dialyzed for varying lengths of time and assess the potential toxicity of residual lithium ions in cells. Complete removal of lithium ions was not achieved even after 72 h of dialysis, with a residual lithium ion content in the solution of 22.85 mg/l. SF films prepared from solutions dialyzed for 8 and 24 h had predominantly random coil or b-sheet structures, respectively. The residual lithium had little cytotoxicity in NIH3T3 fibroblast cells, but viability was compromised in cells grown on SF film prepared from solution dialyzed for 24 h.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.553-562
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• 2005

Melatonin, the principal hormone of the vertebral pineal gland, participates in the regulation of cardiovascular system in vitro and in vivo. Lithium inhibits both inositol polyphosphate phosphatase (IPPase) and inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), which are involved in a wide range of signal transduction pathways. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of lithium on endothelial-dependent relaxation to melatonin and on the melatonin-induced inhibition of contraction by phenylephrine (PE) in isolated rat aorta. Melatonin induced a concentration-dependent relaxation in PE-precontracted in endothelium-intact (+E) aortic rings. Melatonin inhibited a PE-induced sustained contraction in +E aortic rings. These effects of melatonin on relaxation and contractile responses were inhibited by pretreatment with lithium. In PE-precontracted +E aortic rings, the melatonin-induced vasorelaxations and the inhibitory effects of melatonin on maximal contractions were inhibited by endothelium removal or by pretreatment with L-$N^G$-nitro-arginine (L-NNA), 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo-[4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and nifedipine and verapamil, but not by tetrabutylammonium, clotrimazole and glibenclamide, However, in endothelium-denuded (-E) aortic rings and in the presence of L-NNA and ODQ in +E aortic rings, the melatonin-induced residual relaxations and the melatonin-induced residual contractile responses to PE were not affected by lithium. It is concluded that the inositol phosphate pathway may be involved in endothelial-dependent relaxation induced by melatonin.

• Carbon letters
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2007

The properties and electrochemical characteristics of anode material using pitch-coated graphite residue compounds by heat-treatment at $600^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour were investigated. The distance of layers of pitch-coated graphite residual compounds was 3.3539 ${\AA}$, which was as same as that of graphite. Its electrochemical and charge discharge characteristics were tested according to different four types of carbon material, natural graphite, pitch-coated graphite, amorphous graphite and pitch-coated graphite residual compounds, respectively. So it was shown the best charge-discharge characteristics in all of the samples. For the electrochemical and charge-discharge characteristics, although pitch-coated graphite residual compounds had different carbon contents 70% and 80%, these two samples were shown good electrochemical and charge-discharge characteristics.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2017

Lithium silicate, a lithium-ion conducting ceramic, is coated on a layer-structured lithium nickel manganese oxide ($LiNi_{0.7}Mn_{0.3}O_2$). Residual lithium compounds ($Li_2CO_3$ and LiOH) on the surface of the cathode material and $SiO_2$ derived from tetraethylorthosilicate are used as lithium and silicon sources, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy analyses show that lithium silicate is coated uniformly on the cathode particles. Charge and discharge tests of the samples show that the coating can enhance the rate capability and cycle life performance. The improvements are attributed to the reduced interfacial resistance originating from suppression of solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) formation and dissolution of Ni and Mn due to the coating. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the cycled electrodes shows that nickel oxide and manganese oxide particles are formed on the surface of the electrode and that greater decomposition of the electrolyte occurs for the bare sample, which confirms the assumption that SEI formation and Ni and Mn dissolution can be reduced using the coating process.

• 청정기술
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2021

리튬계 이차전지의 수요는 휴대전화 및 전기자동차 등의 관련 산업의 폭발적인 성장과 더불어 크게 증가하고 있으며, 한국은 전 세계 이차전지 사업의 40%를 점유하는 리튬 이차전지 제조 강국이다. 폐기된 리튬 이차전지의 경우 대부분은 스크랩 형태로 유가금속 회수 차원에서 재활용되고 있으나, 코발트와 니켈 등 유가금속 회수 후 폐액은 잔류 리튬 농도에 따라 일부 폐기되고 있으며, 제조 공정 시 발생하는 폐액에 관한 연구는 전무하다. 뿐만 아니라 리튬 이온 농도에 의한 수계 오염 가능성에 관한 연구는 시도되지 않았으며 해마다 공공하수처리시설의 방류수 수질기준은 엄격해지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 고성능 장시간 목적으로 사용되는 고니켈계 NCM 양극재 제조 공정에서 전극 코팅을 위한 공정에서 발생하는 폐액에 대하여 분석하고, 폐액 처리공정에 대한 과정을 제시하였다. 제안한 제조 공정 폐액 처리 공정별 리튬 이온의 농도 및 pH 영향에 따른 수질오염 척도인 생태독성과의 연관성에 대하여 수질검사와 함께 물벼룩 생태독성 시험을 통해 상관관계를 분석하였다. 또한, 다른 산업군의 생태독성 시험과의 비교를 통해 향후 리튬 공장 폐액에 대한 현실적인 처리 방안에 대하여 서술하였다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1047-1054
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• 2003

Smart battery pack (SBP) for notebook PCs was developed using a cylindrical-type lithium ion battery. Batteries were connected with three serial and two parallel, the nominal capacity and the maximum load of SBP was 4,000mAh and 4.0A, respectively. The SBP was composed of a protection IC, by which safety of lithium ion batteries is maintained against overcharge, overdischarge and overcurrent, and a smart IC, which calculates the remaining capacity and the remaining run time. In matching test on notebook PC using Battery Mark 4.0, real and smart data of END voltage coincided nearly and LB and LLB signal worked norma]]y. And there were errors of less than 1% between the real and the smart data on the residual capacity in the charge and discharge test.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 1999

Electrochemical lithium intercalation into a PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposited) carbon film electrode was investigated in 1 M $LiPF_6-EC$ (ethylene carbonate) and DEC (diethyl carbonate) solution during lithium intercalation and deintercalation, by using cyclic voltammetry supplemented with ac-impedance spectroscopy. The size of the graphitic crystallite in the a- and c-axis directions obtained from the carbon film electrode was much smaller than those of the graphite one, indicating less-developed crystalline structure with hydrogen bonded to carbon, from the results of AES (Auger electron spectroscopy), powder XRD (X-ray diffraction) method, and FTIR(Fourier transform infra-red) spectroscopy. It was shown from the cyclic voltammograms and ac-impedance spectra of carbon film electrode that a threshold overpotential was needed to overcome an activation barrier to entrance of lithium into the carbon film electrode, such as the poor crystalline structure of the carbon film electrode showing disordered carbon and the presence of residual hydrogen in its structure. The experimental results were discussed in terms of the effect of host carbon structure on the lithium intercalation capability.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.53-57
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• 2007

In this paper, the intelligent estimation algorithm is developed for residual quantity estimate of lithium secondary cell and we suggest the control algorithm to get battery SOC through thermal modeling of electric cell. Lithium secondary cell gives cycle life, charge characteristic, discharge characteristic, temperature characteristic, self-discharge characteristic and the capacity recovery rate etc. Therefore, we make an accurate estimate of the capacity of battery according to thermal modeling to know the capacity of electric cell that is decreased by various special quality of lithium secondary cell. And we show effectiveness through comparison of value as result that use simulation and fuzzy logic.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2020

Lithium-ion batteries are the heart of energy-storing devices and electric vehicles. Owing to their superior qualities, such as high capacity and energy efficiency, they have become quite popular, resulting in an increased demand for failure/damage prevention and useable life maximization. To prevent failure in Lithium-ion batteries, improve their reliability, and ensure productivity, prognosticative measures such as condition monitoring through sensors, condition assessment for failure detection, and remaining useful life prediction through data-driven prognostics and health management approaches have become important topics for research. In this study, the residual useful life of Lithium-ion batteries was predicted using two efficient artificial recurrent neural networks-ong short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU). The proposed approaches were compared for prognostics accuracy and cost-efficiency. It was determined that LSTM showed slightly higher accuracy, whereas GRUs have a computational advantage.