• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.260-269
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in health status and the utilization of long-term care service between urban and rural aged residents in Korea. Methods: Through convenience sampling, 1,405 elders (829 from urban areas and 576 from rural areas) were selected during March 1 to May 31 in 2004. All the subjects agreed to participate and filled out the survey questionnaire after signing the consent form. The instruments utilized in this study were the impairment of physio-sensory function, ADL IADL, cognitive function, and psycho-social function scale. This instrument was developed by modifying the scab developed by Gurland & Wilder (1984). Data was analyzed using the SPSS Win program. Results: There were significant differences in economic status, duration of living and type of medical insurance between rural and urban elderly(p<.05). Physio-sensory functions (t=4.53. p<.001), ADL (t=3.61. p<.001), IADL (t=2.45, p=.014), cognitive functions (t=-2.63. p=.024) and psycho-social functions (t=3.69. p<.001) were significantly different between the two groups. The utilization of long-term care facility in the urban elderly was significantly higher than that in the rural elderly ($x^2=10.14$, p<.001). Conclusion: Considering these findings. the need for long-term care should be assessed by residence characteristics. Because of different utilization of long term care facility according to the elderly's needs, long-term care services should be considered the residence characteristics.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.9 no.2 s.23
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• pp.65-84
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• 2000

The region of Southeast Asia had already experienced rapid urbanization and cultural change before the East Asia region did. None the less, nowadays shophouses and rowhouses still form the major portion of streets in Chinese town in Southeast Asia countries. The purpose of this study is to examine the adaptation process of shophouse and rowhouse in the Southeast Asia region and the architectural characteristics between the middle of 18th and the early of 20th, which Chinese people of the region inherit and develop, for more thorough understanding of cultural adaptability and regionalism of Chinese architecture in Southeast Asia. The common fact found in the Southeast Asia region is that Chinese people in countries of this region gradually started to live densely as a group in a certain zone in city area since they got to play important roles in commerce, trade and service works related with cities, due to European countries' advance into Southeast Asia and their construction of colonial cities in the region. Chinese people in the region utilized residential rowhouse and special shophouse, which is a kind of shop adapted from rowhouses' sitting room or storage, for their commercial and industrial activities in urban areas, which had problems of limited space. They also realized high densities through vertical expansion of space in order to adjust to changing urban structure under execution of urban planning in cities of colonial area and rapid urbanization. Even though residence of Chinese in Southeast Asia was influenced by new political, social, economic and cultural rules of European colonies in Southeast Asia, it has continuously succeeded to the cultural tradition of China, their home country, in terms of planning principle which puts air well in the middle and hierarchial spacial construction method. Appearance of the open connected verandah, designed by Stamford Raffles, the founder of Singapore, can be regarded as one of the architectural characters. Hence, Chinese residence in cities of Southeast Asia can be understood as a new regional architectural culture in the context of European countries' urban planning and urbanization of colonial areas, Immigrants from southern China and their role, their adjustment to urban areas by utilizing mixed type houses of residence and business, cultural tradition of Chinese home country.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2011

Pyrolytic lignin was obtained from biooil produced with yellow poplar wood. Fast pyrolysis was performed under various temperature ranges and residence times using fluidized bed type reactor. Several analytical methods were adopted to characterize the structure of pyrolytic lignin as well as the effect of pyrolysis temperature and residence time on the modification of the lignin. The yield of pyrolytic lignin increased as increasing pyrolysis temperature and decreasing residence time of pyrolysis products. The molecular weight of pyrolytic lignin determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was approximately 1,200 mol/g, which was approximately a tenth of milled wood lignin (MWL) purified from the same woody biomass. Based on analytical data, demethoxylation and side chain cleavage reaction were dominantly occurred during fast pyrolysis.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.208-216
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• 2019

This study investigated design factors and removal efficiencies of a sheet flow channel as natural type water improvement techniques in the stream. The channel was designed considering the design factors, then constructed and monitored in the test bed of the Osan stream's floodplain. Water lever, velocity, discharge, T-P, T-N, and NO₃-N were monitored and the removal efficiencies and design formula were suggested. Overall efficiencies of T-P, T-N, and NO₃-N range 10 - 20%, and they show consistent relations with residence times. Minimum velocity requirement is also suggested from the relation of algae conditions and velocities. Relation formula of residence time and removal efficiency will be applicable in the design and operation process of a sheet flow channel.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.73-84
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• 1981

The purpose of this study was to examine the conjugal role structure in the purchasing decision process : problem precognition, information seeking and evaluating, final decision, and actually making the purchase, through a survey of the degree of conjugal involvement. The specific objectives were 1) to examine the conjugal role structure and differences at each phase of the decision process in purchasing of residence and twelve durable household consumer goods, 2) to determine the differences between conjugal role structure in each phase of the purchasing decision process and conjugal demographic factors(number of years married, conjugal education level, conjugal occupation, and income). Questionnaires were given to randomly selected husbands and wives in /seoul I October, 1980. data from the 275 responses were analyzed by percentage, mean, and F-test(analysis of variance). The results are as follows : 1) The conjugal role structure for the purchasing decision process of residence and twelve durable household consumer goods was analyzed by percent. It was found that role structure was specialized by the type of item. for instance, furniture and home appliances were purchased by wives; amusement goods and cars were purchased by husbands' and residence was purchased by joint. However, conjugal role structure in the purchasing decision process differed by phased of process : (1) Wives involvement in the phase of problem recognition was greater than their involvement in information seeking and evaluating, but husbands' involvement a in the phase of information seeking and evaluating was slightly greater than their involvement in problem recognition. (2) Husbands' involvement in the phase of making the final decision was far greater than their involvement I information seeking and evaluating. (3) Wives' involvement in the actually making of the purchase was far greater than their involvement in making the final decision. 2) Only one among conjugal demographic factors was significantly related to conjugal role structure. That, is, conjugal role structure in the purchasing decision process showed that the wives' involvement I making the final decision and in actually making the purchase increased with number of years married.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2016

A commercial NiO (green nickel oxide, 86 wt% Ni) powder was reduced using a batch-type fluidized-bed reactor in a temperature range of 500 to $600^{\circ}C$ and in a residence time range of 5 to 90 min. The reduction rate increased with increases in temperature; however, agglomeration and sintering (sticking) of Ni particles noticeably took place at high temperatures above $600^{\circ}C$. An increasing tendency toward sticking was also observed at long residence times. In order to reduce the oxygen content in the powder to a level below 1% without any sticking problems, which can lead to defluidization, proper temperature and residence time for a stable fluidized-bed operation should be established. In this study, these values were found to be $550^{\circ}C$ and 60 min, respectively. Another important condition is the specific gas consumption rate, i.e. the volume amount ($Nm^3$) of hydrogen gas used to reduce 1 ton of Green NiO ore. The optimum gas consumption rate was found to be $5,000Nm^3/ton$-NiO for the complete reduction. The Avrami model was applied to this study; experimental data are most closely fitted with an exponent (m) of $0.6{\pm}0.01$ and with an overall rate constant (k) in the range of 0.35~0.45, depending on the temperature.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2018

This study examined the relationship between transition in living arrangement and life satisfaction outcomes among older adults in Korea. This study utilized the secondary data of 2 waves(2005-2011) of a Korean Retirement and Income Study from the National Pension Research Institute. This study categorized living arrangement transition over time into 16 categories and used generalized the estimation equation(GEE) modeling to examine the relationship between living arrangement transition group membership and life satisfaction. The results showed that transition in living arrangement in old age was partly and significantly associated with life satisfaction in later life. In particular, the best living arrangement type in older adults in terms of life satisfaction was the coresidence with spouse compared with residence alone or residence with their children. The group of residence with their children was not related to higer satisfaction. More research is needed to explore the mechanism behind older people's trajectory in transition in living arrangement.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.75-78
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• 2000

This study purpose that researching Side- TeoMaru of upper-class houses in traditional An-Chae space and researching regional characteristics. Side-TeoMaru type is An-Bang and Gunner-Bang. That is found Chungchong-Do, Cholla-Do, Kyongsangnam-Do. I found different distribution in this region. This study has researched by measurement and personal interview.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.106-110
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• 2002

Trichlorethane (TCE) is known as one of major carcinogens. TCE is difficult to be incinerated environmentally friendly, so pyrolysis is suggested for TCE treatment. In this study, we examined effects of cylinder-type pyrolysis reactor design parameters like existence of baffle inside reactor and reactor operating condition like heating reactor wall temperature and residence time numerically using CFX 4.3, a commercial computational fluid dynamic program.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.577-583
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• 2007

To overcome certain disadvantages of past typical control techniques for toxic contaminants emitted from various industrial processes, the current study was conducted to establish a thermal catalytic system using mesh-type transition-metal platinum(Pt)/stainless steel(SS) catalyst and to evaluate catalytic thermal destruction of five chlorinated hydrocarbons[chlorobenzene(CHB), chloroform(CHF), perchloroethylene (PCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane(TCEthane), trichloroethylene(TCE)]. In addition, this study evaluated the catalyst poison effect on the catalytic thermal destruction. Three operating parameters tested for the thermal catalyst system included the inlet concentrations, the incineration temperature, and the residence time in the catalyst system. The thermal decomposition efficiency decreased from the highest value of 100% to the lowest value of almost 0%(CHB) as the input concentration increased, depending upon the type of chlorinated compounds. The destruction efficiencies of the four target compounds, except for TCEthane, increased upto almost 100% as the reaction temperature increased, whereas the destruction efficiency for TCEthane did not significantly vary. For the target compounds except for TCEthane, the catalytic destruction efficiencies increased up to 30% to 97% as the residence time increased from 10 sec to 60 sec, but the increase of destruction efficiency for TCEthane stopped at the residence time of 30 sec, suggesting that long residence times are not always proper for thermal destruction of VOCs, when considering the destruction efficiency and operation costs of thermal catalytic system together. Conclusively, the current findings suggest that when applying the transition-metal catalyst for the better destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons, VOC type should be considered, along with their inlet concentrations, and reaction temperature and residence time in catalytic system. Meanwhile, the addition of high methyl sulfide(1.8 ppm) caused a drop of 0 to 50% in the removal efficiencies of the target compounds, whereas the addition of low methyl sulfide (0.1 ppm), which is lower than the concentrations of sulfur compounds measured in typical industrial emissions, did not cause.