• 한방비만학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.55-67
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was to evaluate the effect of Palmijihwang-whan (PMJHW) aqueous extract in the regulation of hypothyroidism related reproductive organ damages in propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced rat model. Methods: PMJHW aqueous extract (yield=17.90%) were administered, once a day for 42 days from 2 weeks before start of PTU treatment as oral doses of 500, 250, and 125 mg/kg (body weight), and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10 mg/kg for 28 days. Results: PTU-induced hypothyroidism and related male reproductive organ damages-atrophic changes of testis, epididymis and prostate, were favorably and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of PMJHW 500, 250, and 125 mg/kg. They also effectively regulated the PTU-induced abnormal antioxidant defense system changes in the testis. Although levothyroxine also favorably inhibited PTU-induced hypothyroidism, it deteriorated the hypothyroidism related male reproductive organ damages through testicular oxidative damages. The results suggest that oral administration of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of PMJHW has favorable effects on the hypothyroidism and related reproductive organ damages through augmentation of antioxidant defense system in the testis. Conclusions: This study suggest that PMJHW may be help to ameliorate the hypothyroidism and related organ damages in clinics.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2003

Bisphenol A is used in the manufacture of epoxy, polycarbonate, and corrosion-resistant unsaturated polyester-styrene resins required for food packaging materials in industrial processing. Some reports indicated the possibility of harmful effects on rats. In this study was used a method for the determination of bisphenol A in blood according to the OSHA High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) guideline. The method involved blood extraction using methylene chloride. And it was evaluated developmental and teratogenic effects in pregnant rats and second generation. The results obtained were as follows. There was a significant increase in the body weights and treated groups F1 female in liver, spleen, kidney, but according to dose-response. F1 female rat's relative body weight and absolute body weight are not different. There was a significant increase liver, spleen, kidney organ weight and reproductive organ weight epididymis, prostate gland in F1 male rats. There was a proestrous in pregnant rat, group 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, 2000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, 20,000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. The effect on rat treated with bisphenol A decrease organ weight and reproductive organ weight. Identification and quantitation were performed with using HPLC C18 column and using at retention time 5.5 min. The results of the detection of bisphenol A were at 20,000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in average 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg average in 0.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml blood samples. From those results, it could be concluded that the effects of pregnant rat and second generation(F1) by bisphenol A treatment during lactational period were estrogenic and bisphenol A was remained in serum at low level.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.477-483
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• 2015

Characteristics of snake reproductive organs that are relatively less affected by external environmental conditions can be used as an important means of classification; additionally, such characteristics can provide useful information on a species' reproductive system. In this study, we compared the testis weights, hemipenis lengths and retractor muscle lengths of male Oocatochus rufodorsatus and Rhabdophis tigrinus in Colubridae and Gloydius saxatilis, G. brevicaudus and G. ussuriensis in Viperidae. The snake snout-vent lengths (SVLs) were positively related to the three reproductive organ sizes, but the body weight only exhibited a positive relationship with the testis weight. The three organs did not significantly differ on the left and right sides. The relative testis weights and retractor muscle lengths (divided by the body weight and SVL, respectively) of the Colubridae snakes were greater than for the Viperidae snakes, but the relative hemipenis lengths (divided by SVL) did not differ between the two groups. The relative testis weight of G. saxatilis and the relative retractor muscle lengths of the Viperidae snakes were smaller compared with the Colubridae snakes. The relative hemipenis length of O. rufodorsatus was greater than for R. tigrinus, G. saxatilis and G. brevicaudus. Additional comparisons were not significant. Our results may facilitate further studies on hemipenial morphology and mating competition in Korean snakes. This is the first study on Korean snake reproductive organs.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.144-152
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• 2012

Objective: Concerns are growing about the decrease in male reproductive health. Caffeine is one of the popular nutrients that has been implicated as a risk factor for infertility. In the present study, we examined whether in utero and lactational exposure to caffeine affects the reproductive function of the offspring of rats. Methods: Pregnant rats received caffeine via drinking water during gestation (26 and 45 mg/kg) and lactation (25 and 35 mg/kg). Body and reproductive organ weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height, sperm parameters, fertility rate, number of implantations, and testosterone level of the offspring were assessed from birth to adulthood. Results: Significant dose-related decreases were observed in the body and reproductive organ weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, and germinal epithelium height of the offspring. Sperm density had declined significantly in offspring of the low-dose and high-dose groups, by 8.81% and 19.97%, respectively, by postnatal day 150. The number of viable fetuses had decreased significantly in females mated with male offspring of the high-dose group at postnatal days 60, 90, 120, and 150. There were also significant reductions in testosterone levels of high-dose group offspring from birth to postnatal day 150. Conclusion: It is concluded that maternal caffeine consumption impairs gonadal development and has long-term adverse effects on the reproductive efficiency of male offspring rats.

• 임산에너지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 1999

Dry weights of leaves, stem and floral organs of 15-year-old Tilia amurensis RUPR., were measured twice on 1 June and 20 August 1995 to examine the difference in biomass production between the reproductive and vegetative twigs which are morphologically neighboring and alternative. The following results were obtained : (1) The biomass of the reproductive twigs was greater than that of the vegetative twigs in both June and August. (2) The ratio of stem to total biomass in the reproductive and the vegetative twigs was greater in August than that in June, while the ratio of leaf biomass was greater in June than that in August. The ratio of floral organ to the total biomass in the reproductive twigs was 14.6% and 27.1% in June and August, respectively. (3) The total twig biomass per leaf biomass was greater in the reproductive twigs than that in the vegetative twigs in both June and August. (4) Net assimilation rate in the floral organs showed 21% of that in the leaves in June and 37% in August.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.32-51
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• 2005

Objectives: To study the effect of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba extracts, that have been used as oriental medicine to treat liver disease, on the perinatal and lactational n;)productive toxicity of SD rats when administered by oral lavage. Methods: Female SD rats were dosed from 6 days of gestation to 3 weeks postpartum. This was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the KFDA Guidelines for Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products. Results: No Artemisiae Capillaris Herba extracts treatment-related changes in clinical signs, mortalities, implantation number, dead fetus number, loss rate of fetus, number of live young, survival rate of fetus, sex ratio of live young, external anomalies, pregnancy periods, viability index, lactational index, survival rate of litters at 4 days after birth or delivery index were demonstrated in any dosed levels in this study. However, the body weight and gains, food consumption and absolute organ weights of brain, adrenal glands, liver, spleen, kidney, ovaries and heart were significantly increased in 2000 or 1000mg/kg-dosing groups and the relative organ Weights of adrenal glands were significantly increased in 2,000mg/kg-dosing groups. Therefore, it was concluded that this increase was natural according to growth. Also, no changes of gross findings, clinical signs, mortalities, body weight and gains, physical development results, necropsy findings, organ weight, faculty test, open filed test and water-filled simple T-maze test, copulation, fertility, pregnancy indices, body weight and gains during gestation periods, necropsy findings, corpora lutea number, implantation number, implantation rate, dead fetus number, post-implantation loss rate, live young, post-implantation survival rate, sex ratio of live young, external anomalies and individual body weights of live young were demonstrated in any dosed levels in this study. Conclusions: It is considered that the NOAEL (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level) for perinatal and lactational reproductive toxicity of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba extracts was up to 2000mg/kg/day because no changes of other perinatal and lactational reproductive indices were demonstrated.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate developmental and estrogenic activity of bisphenol A (BPA) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) to the second generation of Sprague-Dawley rats ingested during gestational or lactational periods. Rats were given BPA 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BBP 100mg/kg of pregnancy or lactation periods. Maternal body weight and neonatal body weight were recorded. The rats were sacrificed on day 21 after birth. Reproductive organs of dam and neonate were utilized for receptor binding assay. The plasma concentrations of BPA and MBep, one of the major metabolites of BBP were analyzed with HPLC. The co-administration of BPA and BBP induced slow weight gain compared with single administration in dams. Also, such mixture induced low neonatal body weights in next generation. The dams treated with BPA and BBP during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver and spleen. The dams exposed during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes not only in liver and spleen but also in kidney, uterus and ovary. The F1 female rats exposed during lactation periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver, spleen, ovary. The F1 male rats showed significant organ weight changes in liver, kidney, epididymis, vesicular glands, prostate. However, no clear synergistic effects of BPA and BBP were noted. There was no significantly different ER$\alpha$ expression pattern between control and treated groups. However, ER$\alpha$ expression were increased in F1 male testis and female uterus. PI male showed distinct ER$\alpha$ expression, especially in the group of lactational combined exposure. Synergistic ER$\alpha$ expression was found by combined treatment of BPA and BBP. We could not find any evidences of synergistic effects on BPA and/or BBP combined administration on dams and their fetuses, except in ER$\alpha$ expression of F1 male.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.161-165
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• 2005

Bisphenol A (SPA), a environmental endocrine disruptor, is considered to bind to estrogen receptors and to regulate the expressions of estrogen responsive genes. This study was to evaluate the effect of SPA administration on body weight, sex ratio and litter size on 18 days in prenatal periods, the effect of reproductive organ weight and blood hematological values on 24 days postpartum in pregnant mice. The female mice was administrated to low doses of SPA (0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg B.W.) by intraperitoneal injection in gestation days $0\~15$ with 5 times at 3 days interval. The maternal body weight, litter size and sex ratios were similar to in all experimental groups, but body weights of male and female offspring was significantly lower in 5.0mg SPA group when compared to any other groups (P<0.05). No treatment-related effects on body weight, ovary weight and blood hematological values were observed in dams on 24 days after delivery. The uterine weight in 5.0mg SPA group was slightly higher than those of any other groups, but not significantly difference. The histological evaluation of ovary in dam mice on 24 days after dilivery was not difference in all experimental groups, but the endometriosis of uterus in dam mice were significantly increased in 0.5mg SPA group when compared to control group. These results indicates that low concentration of SPA should not be considered as a selective reproductive toxicant.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.85-89
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• 2004

본 연구는 임신한 생쥐에 DEHP의 투여가 분만 후 생쥐의 번식기능과 태아의 성비에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 임신한 자성 생쥐에 DEHP을 투여한 후 임신 19일째에 임신한 자성의 체중, 태아의 체중, 태아수 및 태아성비를 조사한 결과, 실험개시시와 실험종료시 임신한 자성의 체중은 각 투여구간에 차이가 없었으며, 자${\cdot}$웅성태아의 체중, 평균 태아수 및 태아의 자${\cdot}$웅성 성비는 투여구간에 커다란 차이가 없었다. 임신기에 DEHP의 투여가 분만한 후 어미의 번식기관무게와 혈구화학치에 미치는 효과를 검사한 결과, 각 투여구간에 커다란 차이는 없었다. 임신기에 DEHP의 투여가 분만한 후 난소와 자궁의 조직에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 난소에서는 모든 투여구간에 커다란 차이는 없었으나, 자궁에서는 0.5mg 투여구가 대조구에 비해 자궁내막층과 부종이 감소했으며, 1.0mg 투여구와 10.0mg 투여구는 일부에서 자궁내막층이 감소했지만 0.5mg 투여구에서의 감소보다는 적었다. 임신중인 생쥐에 저농도의 DEHP의 투여는 임신중인 모체와 태어난 자손의 번식 특성과 혈구화학치에 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.256-264
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• 2017

Background: The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the sexual reproduction and the resource allocation in a natural Polygonatum humile population grown in a temperate mixed forest gap. For this aim, the plant size, the node which flower was formed, the fruiting rate, and the dry weight of each organ were monitored from June 2014 to August 2015. Results: Firstly, in 3-13-leaf plants, plants with leaves ${\leq}8$ did not have flowers and in plants with over 9 leaves the flowering rate increased with the number of leaves. Among plants with the same number of leaves, the total leaf area and dry weight of flowering plants were larger than those of non-flowering plants. The minimum leaf area and dry weight of flowering plants were $100cm^2$ and 200 mg, respectively. Secondary, the flowers were formed at the 3rd~8th nodes, and the flowering rate was highest at the 5th node. Thirdly, cumulative values of leaf properties from the last leaf (the top leaf on a stem) to the same leaf rank were greater in a plant with a reproductive organ than in a plant without a reproductive organ. Fourthly, fruit set was 6.1% and faithful fruit was 2.6% of total flowers. Biomasses of new rhizomes produced per milligram dry weight of leaf were $0.397{\pm}190mg$ in plants that set fruit and $0.520{\pm}0.263mg$ in plants that did not, and the difference between the 2 plant groups was significant at the 0.1% level. Conclusions: P. humile showed that the 1st flower formed on the 3rd node from the shoot's base. And P. humile showed the minimum plant size needed in fruiting, and fruiting restricted the growth of new rhizomes. However, the fruiting rate was very low. Thus, it was thought that the low fruiting rate caused more energy to invest in the rhizomes, leading to a longer rhizome. A longer rhizome was thought to be more advantageous than a short one to avoid the shading.