• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 2000

To investigate fatty acid constituents and relative compositions in the fluid of the follicles, oviducts, uterine ho군 and uterine body in sows, the fluids of the reproductive tract were analyzed using Gas chromatography. The samples were taken from various reproductive tract of 21 sows slaughtered. 1. Caprylic acid(C8: 0), capric acid(C10:0), lauric acid(C12:0), myristic acid(C14:0), palmitic acid(C16:0), plamitolele acid(C16:1), stearic acid(C18:0), oleic acid(C18:1), linoleic acid(C18:2) and arachidonic acid(C20:4) were found in the reproductive tracts of the sows, which made 10 kinds of fatty acid intotal. 2. Two kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and archidonic acid were found inthe reproductive tracts. 3. Palmitic acid among saturated fatty acids and oleic acid among unsaturated fatty acids were the hihgest level in all of the reproductive tracts. 4. Palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid showed higher rate with 44.89%, 23.69% and 14.36%, respectively, and lauric acid, capric acid, palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid ad myristic acid showed lower rate with 0.62%, 1.13%, 1.65%, 1.97% and 2.24%, respectively in the reproductive fluid. 5. The highest level of arachidonic acid was found in the uterine horn. 6. The sum of the palmitic acid and oleic acid were 66.91%, 70.41%, 66.14% and 73.36% in the fluid of follicle, oviduct, uterine horn and uterine body, respectively. 7. The relative composition of arachidonic acid was higher during the follicular stage than during the luteal phase in the fluid of oviduct and uterine. 8. The long chain fatty acids such as the palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid showed higher relative compositions during the follicular phase(93.18%∼96.83%) than during the luteal phase(82.56%∼88.37%). 9. Caprylic acid, luric acid and palmitoleic acid were undetected in the fluid of all of the reproductive tracts during the follicular phase. Low relative compositions of capric acid, myristic acid andarachidonic acid were found during the follicular phase, while the low relative compositions (<5%)of capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, plamitoleic acid and arachidonic acid were found during the luteal phase.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2000

To investigate fatty acid constituents and relative compositions in the fluid of the follicles, oviducts, uterine body and uterine body in Korean native cow, the fluids of the reproductive tract were analyzed using gas chromatography. The samples were taken from various reproductive tract of 23 Korean native cows. q. Caprylic acid (C8:0), myristic acid(C14:0), palmitic acid(C16:0), palmitoleic acid(C16:1), stearic acid(C18:0), oleic acid(C18:1), linoleic acid(C18:2), arachidonic acid(C20:4) were found in the reproductive tracts of the cows, which made 8 kinds of fatty acid in total. 2. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid were predominant with 35.67%, 24.98% and 17.52%, respectively. while low levels of fatty acids(<5%) were myristic acid, palmitoleic acid and caprylic acid with 1.75%, 1.28% and 2.69%, respectively. 3. Two kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid arachidonic acid were found in the reproductive tracts of cows. 4. Palmitic acid among saturated fatty acids and oleic acid among unsaturated fatty acids were the highest level in all of the reproductive tracts. 5. The Highest level of arachidonic acid was found in the uterine horn. 6. The sum of the palmitic acid and oleic acid were 61.72%, 63.72%, 57.66% and 57.65% for the fluid of follicle, oviduct, uterine horn and uterine body of the cows, respectively. 7. The relative compositions of palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid and caprylic acid were higher during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase. 8. The relative compositions of arachidonic acid was higher during the follicular phase in the fluid of uterine horn and uterine body of the cows. 9. The long chain fatty acid, the palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acidshowed higher relative compositions during the follicular phase(86.49%∼95.51%) than during the luteal phase(85.64%∼88.93%).

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.6 no.1_2
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• pp.23-28
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• 1979

To determine whether hormone analysis of amniotic fluid could be used for accurate determination of fetal sex, we measured testosterone(T) and follicle-stimulating hormone in 19 amniotic fluid samples. The mean T in amniotic fluid of 8 women earring male fetuses was 310 pg. per milliliter and of 11 women earring female fetuses was 150 pg. per milliliter (P<0.05${\ast}$). The mean amniotic fluid FSH of 1.16 mI.U. per milliliter for 7 women with male fetuses was over trifold lower than that for subjects with female fetuses. The mean amniotic fluid FSH of female fetuses was 3.85 mI.U. per milliliter (P<0.01${\ast}$) Measurement of T & FSH in amniotic fluid may be an adjunct method for fetal sex determination.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.98-102
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• 2011

Objective: To investigate the effects of pioglitazone on controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), IVF outcomes, and follicular fluid (FF) cytokine concentrations in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: Eighty-six infertile patients with PCOS resistant to clomiphene citrate were randomized to receive pioglitazone (30 mg/day) or placebo on the starting day of oral contraceptive (OC) pretreatment, followed by an IVF protocol using a GnRH antagonist. Pioglitazone or placebo was administered once daily from the starting day of OC to the day of hCG injection. Results: Total dose and days of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone administered, and the numbers of retrieved and mature oocytes, were significantly lower in the pioglitazone group than in the control group. FF tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations at oocyte retrieval were also significantly lower in the pioglitazone group. The clinical pregnancy rate was higher and the incidence of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome was lower in the pioglitazone group, but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Pioglitazone reduces FF TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 levels, and may improve ovarian response to COS in patients with PCOS.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2000

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of polycystic ovarian follicular fluid on sperm motility in human in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods: From May, 1998 to July, 1999, 55 patients who complained of infertility were involved in this study. We obtained ovarian follicular fluids from the patients by ultrasono-guided aspiration. Subjects were divided into two groups. 20 patients who had polycystic ovarian disease were belong to study group, and 25 patients who had normal ovarian follicular fluid were belong to control group. The follicular fluid dilution was done with Ham's fluid as 10%, 20%, 50%, 100%. The sperm motility was analyzed by CASA at 6hr and 12hr after incubation in follicular fluids. Results: The levels of average path velocity (VAP) in all concentration fluid didn't show significant difference between study and control group. The other parameters including curvilinear velocity (VCL), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), and linerity (LIN) were didn't show any significant difference between both groups. Conclusion: PCOD fluid had seemed to have an adverse effect on the sperm biological function. But, this study showed that PCOD fluid had no different effect on sperm motility with normal follicular fluid.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.126-129
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• 2015

Essure (Bayer) received approval from the U.S. Food and Drugs Administration as a permanent non-hormonal contraceptive implant in November 2002. While the use of Essure in the management of hydrosalpinx prior to in vitro fertilization (IVF) remains off-label, it has been used specifically for this purpose since at least 2007. Although most published reports on Essure placement before IVF have been reassuring, clinical experience remains limited, and no randomized studies have demonstrated the safety or efficacy of Essure in this context. In fact, no published guidelines deal with patient selection or counseling regarding the Essure procedure specifically in the context of IVF. Although Essure is an irreversible birth control option, some patients request the surgical removal of the implants for various reasons. While these patients could eventually undergo hysterectomy, at present no standardized technique exists for simple Essure removal with conservation of the uterus. This article emphasizes new aspects of the Essure procedure, as we describe the first known association between the placement of Essure implants and the subsequent development of fluid within the uterine cavity, which resolved after the surgical removal of both devices.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1169-1175
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• 2018

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the impacts of active and passive immunization against synthetic inhibin and steroid-free bovine follicular fluid, respectively, on reproductive fecundity out of breeding season in Iraqi Awassi ewes. Methods: Follicular fluid was aspired from mature bovine follicles, treated with activated charcoal, and used for immunization of male rabbits for obtaining steroid free bovine follicular fluid (SFBFF) antiserum. Forty non-pregnant Awassi ewes were allocated into 4 groups (n = 10 each). At day 38 of experiment, ewes were treated with intra-vaginal MPA sponge (60 mg for 12 days). At days 0, 28, and 50, ewes were treated with 4, 2, and 2 mL of normal saline (control; C-ve), 400, 200, and $200{\mu}g$ of ovalbumin (C+ve), 400, 200 and $200{\mu}g$ of inhibin (SI group), respectively, and 4 mL of normal saline at day 0, and 4 and 2 mL of SFBFF antiserum at days 28 and 50, respectively, (AI group). After mating with Awassi rams, pregnancy and embryo number were diagnosed, at day 38 of pregnancy, using ultrasonography. Blood samples were collected at days 30, 60, 90, and 120 of pregnancy, for assessment of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels. After parturition, numbers of delivered lambs were recorded. Results: The results revealed significant increase of P4 and significant decrease of E2 levels in SI and AI pregnant ewes than controls at days 30, 60, 90, and 120. Newborn number increased significantly in SI and AI treated than control ewes. Conclusion: Active or passive immunization against endogenous inhibin could augment reproductive fecundity out of breeding season in Iraqi Awassi ewes.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to investigate the changes in concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and sex steroid hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in Korean cattle (Hanwoo) with reproductive disorders and to examine the relationship between BUN and body condition score (BCS) in Hanwoo. The concentration of BUN was 16.2 mg/dl, 17.8 mg/dl, 15.1 mg/dl, 17.9 mg/dl, and 28.3mg/dl in pregnancy, repeat breeding, follicular cyst, luteal cyst, and ovarian atrophy, respectively. In Hanwoo with BCS $2.0{\sim}2.9$, $3.0{\sim}3.5$ and $3.6{\sim}4.0$, the concentration of BUN was 15.8 mg/dl, 17.0 mg/dl, and 17.6 mg/dl, respectively. Fluoroimmunoassay showed that serum estrogen and progesterone levels were decreased in reproductive disorders Hanwoo, such as ovarian atrophy, endometritis, and weak estrus. The testosterone level was significantly decreased in Hanwoo with reproductive disorders compared to that in pregnant Hanwoo ($0.02{\sim}0.03\;ng/ml$ vs 0.13 ng/ml, p<0.05). The progesterone and estrogen concentrations in follicular fluid obtained from ovary with follicular cyst were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in normal follicle fluid. These results show that there is no relationship between BUN and BCS in Hanwoo, and the concentration of sex steroid hormone in serum and follicular fluid are changed in reproductive disorders Hanwoo.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.89-90
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• 1999

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.223-231
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• 2003

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficiency of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal aneuploidy. Methods: We reviewed data of 268 cases to identify women undergoing genetic amniocentesis at cytogenetic laboratory, from January 2000 to December 2002. Amniotic fluid was submitted for both rapid FISH on uncultured interphase amniocytes using a commercially available DNA probe for chromosome 13, 18, 21, X, Y and standard karyotyping on cultured metaphase amniocytes. Results from FISH and full karyotype were compared. Results: There were 251 cases (84%) normal and 17 cases (16%) abnormal in FISH results. All 17 cases of trisomy 13, 18, 21 including two cases of mosaicism and sex chromosome aneuploidies which are detected by FISH were confirmed with conventional cytogenetics and there was no false positive result. Twenty two cases had karyotypically proven abnormalities that could not have been detected by the targeted FISH. Conclusion: Interphase FISH analysis of uncultured amniotic fluid cells has been shown to be an effective and reliable technique for rapid fetal aneuploidy screening during pregnancy as an adjunctive test to conventional cytogenetics.