• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2005

Electro-thermal production of white phosphorus(WP, P4) generates substantial amount of highly toxic phossy water and sludges. Because of their high phosphorus contents and lack of reliable processing technology, large tonnages of these hazardous wastes have accumulated from current and past operations in the United States. In this study, two different methods for treatment of phosphorus sludge were investigated. These were bulk removal of WP by physical separation(froth flotation) and transformation of WP to oxyphosphorus compounds by air oxidation in the sludge medium. Kerosene, among other collectors, resulted in selective flotation of WP from the associated mineral gangue. Solvent action of kerosene occurring on the WP surface(by rendering WP particles hydrophobic) might produce the high selectivity of WP. The WP recovery in the froth was 79.3% from a sludge assaying 34.2% of WP. In the oxidation study, air gas was dispersed in the sludge medium by the rapid rotation of the impeller blades. The high level of sludge agitation intensity caused a fast completion of the oxidation reactions and it resulted in the high percentage conversion of WP to PO4-3 with PO3-3 making up almost all portion of oxyphosphorus compounds. The WP analysis on the treated sludge showed that supernatant solution and solid residue contained an average of 4.2 μg/L and 143 ppm respectively from the sludge containing about 26 g of WP. Further investigation will be required on operational factors to better understand the processes and achieve an optimum condition.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.51-56
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• 2019

LuAG:Ce(Lu₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce³⁺) nano phosphor were synthesized by applying the coprecipitation method. It is used to increase the color rendering of phosphor ceramic plate for high power LEDs and laser lighting. Internal quantum efficiency and absorption of LuAG:Ce nano phosphor are 51.5 % and 64.4 %, respectively, which is higher than the previously studied nano phosphors. The maximum absorption wavelength of this phosphor is 450 nm blue light, and the emission wavelength is 510 nm. The emission wavelength shifted to longer wavelength when the concentration of Ce increased in the heat treatment of the reducing atmosphere. Thermal quenching of LuAG nano phosphor was 70 % at 200 ℃, it was explained by their significant quenching of all raman scattering modes, implying the restriction of electron-phonon couplings caused by their defects.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.571-576
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• 2019

Microenvironmental stress, which is naturally observed in solid tumors, has been implicated in anticancer drug resistance. This tumor-specific stress causes the degradation of topoisomerase $II{\alpha}$, rendering cells resistant to topoisomerase $II{\alpha}$-targeted anticancer agents. In addition, microenvironmental stress can induce the overexpression of 78kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78), which can subsequently block the activation of apoptosis induced by treatment with anticancer agents. Therefore, inhibition of topoisomerase $II{\alpha}$ degradation and reduction in GRP78 expression may be effective strategies for inhibiting anticancer drug resistance. In this study, we investigated the active compound arctigenin, which inhibited microenvironmental stress-induced etoposide resistance in HT-29 cells. Arctigenin was also highly toxic to etoposide-resistant HT-29 cells, with an $IC_{50}$ value of $10{\mu}M$ for colony formation. We further showed that arctigenin inhibited the degradation of topoisomerase $II{\alpha}$ and reduced the expression of GRP78. Thus, these results suggest that arctigenin is a novel therapeutic agent that inhibits resistance to etoposide associated with microenvironmental stress conditions.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 2019

Citrus macroptera (Rutaceae) has long been used in folk medicine in Bangladesh. Considering the folkloric context, this study was aimed to scrutinize anti-proliferative activity of C. macroptera fruit pulp juice (CMFPJ) against Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC). The anti-proliferative capacity of CMFPJ was investigated and confirmed primarily using MTT assay. In vivo anti-proliferative aptitude of CMFPJ was investigated with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment. Anti-proliferative efficacy of CMFPJ was assessed based on EAC growth inhibition. CMFPJ inhibited EAC growth in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. And the percentages of in vivo EAC growth inhibition were 19.53, 49.2, and 68.9% at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg CMFPJ respectively. CMFPJ significantly induced expression of apoptosis regulatory genes caspase-8, caspase-9, cytochrome-c, and caspase-3. This considerable anti-cancer activity was perhaps due to combinatorial effect of lectin, polyphenols, and flavonoids present in CMFPJ.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.357-363
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• 2019

To the basic information of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of cerebral aneurysm treated with coil embolization, and to identify the general trend of treatment through classification according to hospitalization route, residence distribution, location and size of cerebral aneurysm, and procedure. A total of 164 patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms treated with coil embolization were 54(32.9%) males and 110(67.1%) females. The sex and frequency of occurrence by age group were the most in 50s(31.3%), and among them, females were the most. The hospitalization route was the most common in 122(74.4%) people who were admitted to the emergency room through 119 evacuation, 79(48.2%) patients lived in where hospitals belong to the hospital. The season had 23(14%) in December, 18(11%) in January, 15(9.1%) in February, and the anterior circulation was 153(93%). The largest size was 5-7 mm found in 63(38.4%) patients. Patients underwent initial coil embolization for subarachnoid hemorrhage due to cerebral aneurysm rupture treated more patients than the incidence of the population. As a result of cerebral aneurysm rupture was seasonally affected, and winter occurs more frequently, female than male, age 50 is most common, and ruptured cerebral aneurysm is 5-7 mm in size.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 2024

This study evaluated a case of trigeminal nerve stimulation during acupotomy at a site 5 pun left of GV16. The study participant was a 52-year-old male suffering from upper neck pain and numbness, which was managed by acupotomy at a site 5 pun left of GV16. During acupotomy, the patient experienced unexpected numbness and stiffness of the left zygomatic bone. This area corresponds to the distribution of the maxillary nerve, which is the second branch of the trigeminal nerve. After approximately one month, symptoms of numbness and stiffness disappeared without rendering medical treatment. These side effects are presumed to be associated with the trigeminocervical complex and stimulation of the trigeminal nucleus within the spinal cord. Thus, during the acupotomy of the upper neck, especially at GV16, the needles should be inserted slowly, and the patient's response should also be monitored.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.13.1-13.24
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• 2023

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is one of the most consequential global health crises in over a century. Since its discovery in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to mutate into different variants and sublineages, rendering previously potent treatments and vaccines ineffective. With significant strides in clinical and pharmaceutical research, different therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. The currently available treatments can be broadly classified based on their potential targets and molecular mechanisms. Antiviral agents function by disrupting different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while immune-based treatments mainly act on the human inflammatory response responsible for disease severity. In this review, we discuss some of the current treatments for COVID-19, their mode of actions, and their efficacy against variants of concern. This review highlights the need to constantly evaluate COVID-19 treatment strategies to protect high risk populations and fill in the gaps left by vaccination.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2003

In order to investigate the meat tenderizing effects of pear, pineapple and kiwifruit, crude protease was prepared from each fruit and treated with actomyosin in a single manner or mixed type in several combination. Actomyosin was incubated with various proteases for 24 hrs under three different pH condition, and its degrading performance was evaluated by the SDS-PAGE. Pear extract showed an active degrading activity for actomyosin at pH 5.3 and 7.0. But, little actomyosin degradation was observed at pH 8.0. Actomyosin was strongly degraded by the treatment of protease from pineapple at all different pHs(5.3, 7.0 and 8.0). Kiwifruit protease extract has shown actomyosin degradation activity 1hr after treatment at pH 5.3 and pH 7.0. Meanwhile, the mixture of pear and pineapple extracts(l:l, w/w) showed much more degradation than the results of singular manner treatment at pH 5.3 and 7.0. When the pear protease was mixed with kiwifruit protease(l:l, w/w), the performance of actomyosin degradation was similar to the results of each single protease treatment. When the mixture was made of pineapple and kiwifruit extracts, actomyosin degradation was almost the same as the result of treatment of pineapple protease only. When those three proteases were mixed together(l:l:l, w/w/w), actomyosin degrading activities was in time dependent manner at pH 5.3. In summary, pear protease can be used potentially as a meat tenderizer when it was mixed with pineapple or kiwifruit rendering proper tenderization of the meat.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.605-610
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• 2007

Purpose: Facial trauma is increasing along with increasing popularity in sports, and increasing exposure to crimes or traffic accidents. Compared to the 3D CT of 1990s, the latest CT has made significant improvement thus resulting in higher accuracy of diagnosis. The objective of this study is to compare 64 channel 3 dimensional volume CT(3D VCT) with conventional 3D CT in the diagnosis and treatment of facial bone fractures. Methods: 45 patients with facial trauma were examined by 3D VCT from Jan. 2006 to Feb. 2007. 64 channel 3D VCT which consists of 64 detectors produce axial images of 0.625 mm slice and it scans 175 mm per second. These images are transformed into 3 dimensional image using software Rapidia 2.8. The axial image is reconstructed into 3 dimensional image by volume rendering method. The image is also reconstructed into coronal or sagittal image by multiplanar reformatting method. Results: Contrasting to the previous 3D CT which formulates 3D images by taking axial images of 1-2 mm, 64 channel 3D VCT takes 0.625 mm thin axial images to obtain full images without definite step ladder appearance. 64 channel 3D VCT is effective in diagnosis of thin linear bone fracture, depth and degree of fracture deviation. Conclusion: In its expense and speed, 3D VCT is superior to conventional 3D CT. Owing to its ability to reconstruct full images regardless of the direction using 2 times higher resolution power and 4 times higher speed of the previous 3D CT, 3D VCT allows for accurate evaluation of the exact site and deviation of fine fractures.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.323-329
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• 2006

Objective : This study was designed to analyze surgical strategies for patients with intractable supplementary sensorimotor area[SSMA] seizures. Methods : Seventeen patients who had surgical treatment were reviewed retrospectively. Preoperatively, phase I [non-invasive] and phase II [invasive] evaluation methods for epilepsy surgery were done. Seizure outcome was assessed with Engel's classification. The mean follow-up period was 27.2 months [from 12 months to 54 months]. Results : An MRI identified structural abnormality in eight patients and 3D-surface rendering revealed abnormal gyration in three. PET, SPECT, and surface EEG could not delineate the epileptogenic zone. Video-EEG monitoring with a subdural grid or depth electrodes verified the epileptogenic zone in all patients. Surgical procedures consisted of a resection of the SSMA and simultaneous callosotomy in two patients, a resection of the SSMA extending to the adjacent area in seven, a resection of a different area without a SSMA resection in seven, and a callosotomy in one. Seizure outcomes were class I in 11 [65%]. class II in five [29%], class III in one [6%]. Conclusion : In patients with intractable SSMA seizure, surgery was an excellent treatment modality. Precise delineation of the epileptogenic zone based on multimodal diagnostic methods can provide good surgical outcomes without neurological complications.