• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.12
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• pp.491-498
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• 2020

Background: Renal size is an important indicator in the diagnosis of renal diseases and urinary tract infections in children. Purpose: The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it aimed to measure the renal length and calculate the renal volume of normal Thai children using 2-dimensional ultrasonography (2D-US) and study their correlations with somatic parameters. Second, it aimed to compare the age-specific renal size of normal Thai children with the published data of their Western and Chinese counterparts. Methods: A total of 321 children (150 boys, 171 girls; age, 6-15 years) with a normal renal profile were prospectively recruited. All subjects underwent 2D-US by an experienced pediatric radiologist and the renal length, width, and depth were measured. Renal volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula as recommended. The data were compared between the left and right kidneys, the sexes, and various somatic parameters. The age-specific renal lengths were compared using a nomogram derived from a Western cohort that is currently referred by many Thailand hospitals, while the renal volumes were compared with the published data of a Chinese cohort. Results: No statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was found between sexes or the right and left kidneys. The renal sizes had strong correlations with height, weight, body surface area, and age but not with body mass index. The renal length of the Thai children was moderately correlated (r=0.59) with that of the Western cohort, while the age-specific renal volume was significantly smaller (P<0.05) than that of the Chinese children. Conclusion: Therefore, we concluded that the age-specific renal length and volume obtained by 2D-US would vary between children in different regions and may not be suitably used as an international standard for diagnosis, although further studies may be needed to confirm our findings.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2014

Purpose: Renal size is an important indicator to determine adequate organ growth in children. The aim of this study was to estimate renal size with Technesium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan and propose a simple formula for predicting renal length in normal Korean children. Methods: This study included 346 children (148 boys and 198 girls; age range, 1 month to 17 years) in whom renal length was measured using the DMSA scan. Patients with anatomical renal abnormalities or acute pyelonephritis were excluded. Children were divided into two groups: 214 children (61.8%) were less than a year old (group 1) and 132 (38.2%) were ${\geq}1$ year (group 2). Results: Renal length was larger on the left side than the right side, and there was no significant gender-related difference in renal length. We propose the following formula for renal length based on the analysis of the 346 children in our study: the formula was as follows: $4.682{\times}age(month)^{0.137}$, $R^2=0.780$. In group 1, the formula was renal length $(cm)=0.127{\times}age(month)+5.144$, $R^2=0.354$, and in group 2, the formula was $0.334{\times}age(year)+6.477$, $R^2=0.829$. Conclusion: It is difficult to establish simple formulae in infants ($R^2=0.354$). Therefore, further studies including relevant variables are needed for this age group. We proposed formulae to estimate renal length in Korean children over 1 year of age by using the DMSA scan.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2021

Purpose This article studies the relationship between the length of a kidney measured by two scanning methods: Kidney Computed Tomography (CT) and ^99mTc-Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan. Kidney CT provides a better anatomic assessment, while ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan is superior in the kidney function test. Materials and Methods From January to December of 2019, two hundred patients who had Kidney CT and Tc^99m-DMSA renal scan were chosen for this study. SPSS17.0 was selected for statistical analysis. Results Due to the effect of the breathing and resolution of ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan, it showed the kidney's relatively longer length than the length of Kidney CT. For the same kidney, the length comparison among different brands' Gamma cameras was negligible. The length difference within the same age group did not show a noticeable discrepancy. However, there was a length difference between the radio technologists. Kidney CT and ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan indicated a strong positive correlation between the length of the left and right kidney. Conclusion It is necessary to establish a standardized measurement method for measuring kidney length using ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan. The kidney's functional changes and length changes are indications of Kidney diseases. Especially, pediatric patients tend to use ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan for assessing the kidney's shape and the function to avoid potential radiation exposure during the Kidney CT. Therefore, it is significant to provide not only the kidney's functional information but also an anatomic analysis, including the kidney's size, length, and location through the ^99mTc-DMSA renal scan.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.131-135
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to establish a simple formula to predict renal length in children using a Technesium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan data, and to compare it with the formula derived from ultrasonography, which is widely accepted. Methods: Children who underwent a DMSA scan and ultrasonography were reviewed retrospectively, and those who had anatomical urinary tract abnormalities or urinary tract infections were excluded. Results: A total of 230 children (84 males and 146 females; age, 1 month to 16 years; mean age, $16.8{\pm}27.4$ months). Mean renal length measured by DMSA scan was longer than that by ultrasonography ($6.38{\pm}1.16$ vs. $6.02{\pm}1.14cm$; P < 0.001). Renal length was correlated with age, weight, height, and body surface area on the DMSA scan and ultrasonography, and showed the strongest positive correlation with height. The following formulae were established to predict renal length: mean renal length (cm) = 5.433 ${\times}$ height (m) + 2.330 (R2, 0.833) using the DMSA scan data, and mean renal length (cm) = 5.367 ${\times}$ height (m) + 2.027 (R2, 0.853) using ultrasonography data. Conclusion: We propose a simple height-based formula to predict renal length in children using a DMSA scan data, and validate it by comparing with ultrasonography formula.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.437-441
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• 2006

Renal length, width, and ratio to the length of the second lumbar vertebrae body were assessed on survey radiographs and excretory urograms in 50 Korean domestic cats. Renal dimensions on plain radiographs were: right kidney length $4.31{\pm}0.50cm\;(mean{\pm}SD)$, right kidney width $3.10{\pm}0.36cm$, left kidney length $4.17{\pm}0.48cm$, left kidney width $3.03{\pm}0.34cm$, right kidney length ratio $2.37{\pm}0.21$, right kidney width ratio $1.71{\pm}0.15$, left kidney length ratio $2.30{\pm}0.20$, and left kidney width ratio $1.38{\pm}0.08$, respectively. Renal dimensions on excretory urograms were: right kidney length $4.56{\pm}0.53cm$, right kidney width $3.29{\pm}0.37cm$, left kidney length $4.43{\pm}0.47cm$, left kidney width $3.22{\pm}0.33cm$, right kidney length ratio $2.51{\pm}0.22$, right kidney width ratio $1.81{\pm}0.17$, left kidney length ratio $2.45{\pm}0.20$, and left kidney width ratio $1.78{\pm}0.16$, respectively. There were significant difference in renal size and renal dimension ratio measured from contrast studies compared with survey radiographs (P<0.05). There were also significant difference in renal size and renal length ratio between right and left kidneys (p<0.05).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.54-57
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• 2012

Purpose: Somatic growth is an important indicator of health in children. Adequate organ growth is essential in growth and directly related to body growth. We consider renal length as a surrogate of organ growth in growing children. Measurement of weight, height, and many anthropometric indices, such as body surface area (BSA), body mass index (BMI), and Rohrer and Kaup indices, are used to evaluate growth status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between renal length and somatic parameters and analyze the affecting factors for renal size during growth. Methods: The data for renal length in 66 children (age, $12.9{\pm}15.6$ months; male/female, 34/32) were obtained. Each kidney was measured with ultrasonography and dimercaptosuccinic acid scan. The data on age, sex, height, and weight were obtained from the medical records. BSA, BMI, and Rohrer and Kaup indices were calculated from measured height and weight. BSA was calculated by 2 methods, and is expressed as BSA I and BSA II. Results: There were significant correlations between renal size and age, weight, height, BSA I, BSA II, and Rohrer index. In the regression analysis, the most significant contributing factor to renal growth was height ($R^2$=0.636, $P$ <0.001). Conclusion: Height seems to be the most important factor associated with organ growth in growing children. Further studies to evaluate adequate organ growth should be carried out.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.991-995
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• 1996

Renal size(length, width and height) of rabbits was measured by radiographs and nephrosonograms and compared with actual size. After measuring on the radiographs and nephrograms, both kidneys were removed from the body and actual size was also measured. On radiographs, right kidney was observed at the T13-L2 vertebrae and left kidney was at L2-L4 vertebrae. On nephrosonograms, the renal cortex was visible as small, homogenous echoes that were hypoechoic relative to the surrounding tissues, whereas the renal medulla was anechoic to slightly hypoechoic. The actual length, width and height of the left kidney were $35.84{\pm}3.12(mean{\pm}SD)$, $23.52{\pm}3.21$, $15.11{\pm}2.58cm$, respectively, whereas those of the right kidney were $36.02{\pm}3.42$, $23.69{\pm}3.50$ and $14.13{\pm}3.55cm$, respectively. On radiographs, the length and width of both kidneys were a little magnified(102-104%) when compared to actual size. On nephrosonograms, the length, width and height of bothkidneys were lessened(70-96 %) when compared to actual size. The length and width of kidney were 1.85 and 1.25 times the length of the second lumbar vertebrae on the ventrodorsal view. In correlation and correlation coefficient of body weight with the renal size, the body weight and renal size were significantly correlated with each other other(p<0.01) and the correlation coefficents of body weight with left, right and both Kindneys were 0.748, 0.794 and 0.859, respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 1994

A retrospective study of 737 consecutive patients surviving the first 24 hours who underwent valve replacement surgery from July 1980 to June 1993 was undertaken to determine the prevalence, variables that could be used to predict outcome and results of therapy for postoperative acute renal failure[ARF]. Twenty-one patients[2.8 %] developed acute renal failure. Positive risk factors noted in the development of postoperative renal failure included age, New York Heart Association class III & IV, endocarditis and elevated preoperative concentration of serum creatinine. The duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, aortic cross-clamping and the total duration of the operation also closely correlated with the incidence of ARF. The mortality rate for established ARF was 38.1% and ARF was associated with a significant increase in the length of hospitalization, ventilator support and intensive care unit stay. The incidence and mortality rate of oliguric renal failure was 38.1% and 85.7%. The highest mortality rate was associated with two or more postoperative complications and serum creatinine value exceeded 5 mg/dl. We concluded that therapy should be aimed at prevention of oliguric renal failure, or at least its conversion to nonoliguric renal failure, and early institution of renal replacement therapy with intensive support probably gives the best chance for survival.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.321-326
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• 2002

The effect of nitric oxide synthase(NOS) inhibita, $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester(L-NAME) and prostanoid synthesis inhibiter, indomethacin on the photorelaxation, when was exposed to the long-wave length UV-light, was examined on the precontraction by the phenylephrine in the isolated pig renal artery. 1. UV-light relaxed both with-endothelium and without-endothelium in the pig renal arterial ring contracted by the phenylephrine. The magnitude of photorelaxation was dependent on the exposure time for UV-light. 2. UV-Iight induced relaxation was inhibited by L-NAME and indomethacin on the precontraction by the phenylephrine in the isolated pig renal artery. 3. UV-Iight induced relaxation was inhibited by methylene blue on the precontraction by the phenylephrine in the isolated pig renal artery. These results suggest that UV-light induced photorelaxation may be due to cGMP involved both nitric oxide and prostanoid on the precontraction by the phenylephrine in the isolated pig renal artery.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.263-267
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• 2010

Although cerebellar hemangioblastomas are histopathologically benign, they yield a degree of malignant clinical behavior in long-term follow-up. We present two cases of long-term progression of renal cell carcinoma, which had been diagnosed as renal cysts during treatment for cerebellar hemangioblastoma. A 14-year-old male with von Hippel-Lindau disease was admitted for a cerebellar hemangioblastoma with multiple spinal hemangioblastomas and a renal cyst. After primary total resection of the cerebellar hemangioblastoma, the patient required two further surgeries after 111 and 209 months for a recurrent cerebellar hemangioblastoma. Furthermore, he underwent radical nephrectomy as his renal cyst had progressed to renal cell carcinoma 209 months after initial diagnosis. A 26-year-old male presented with multiple cerebellar hemangioblastomas associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease and accompanied by multiple spinal hemangioblastomas and multiple cystic lesions in the liver, kidney, and pancreas. He underwent primary resect'lon of the cerebellar hemangioblastoma in association with craniospinal radiation for multiple intracranial/spinal masses. Unexpectedly, a malignant glioma developed 83 months after discovery of the cerebellar hemangioblastoma. At the same time, renal cell carcinoma, which had developed from an initial renal cyst, was diagnosed, and a radical nephrectomy was performed. In the view of long term clinical course, cerebellar hemangioblastoma associated with von Hipple-Lindau disease may redevelop even after primary total resection. In addition, associated lesions such as renal cysts may also progress to malignancy after the passing of a sufficient length of time.