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Monitoring on the Vegetation Structure and Dynamics of Abies Koreana Populations in Jirisan National Park (지리산국립공원 구상나무개체군의 식생구조와 동태 모니터링)

  • Chun, Young-Moon;Kim, Sang-Min;Park, Eun-Hee;Park, Sun-Hong;Lee, Ho-Young;Kim, Jin-Weon
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.408-423
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    • 2021
  • We established and monitored survey sites in seven regions of Mt. Jiri to investigate population decline and change of the Korean fir (Abies koreana) over a ten-year period from 2009 to 2018. With the exception of one site (Seseok), the six remaining ones all showed a four-layer stratification structure. The importance value of Korean firs in all of the survey areas decreased significantly by 28.5%, from 55.7% in 2009 to 39.8% in 2018. The average population of objects with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5cm or more in all survey sites was 711 objects/ha in 2018, and the cumulative death rate from 2009 to 2018 was 10.8%. Among the death types, DS (dead standing) was the most dominant, comprising 82.4% of the total survey area. However, in Banyabong 1, which had a high gradient of 35°, the death types other than DS accounted for 44.2%. We estimate that A. koreana can maintain a stable population as its distribution type for each diameter class in the Saeseokpyeongjeon site showed a reverse-J shape. The average annual ring growth in all survey sites was 1.09 mm/year, with the most abundant growth observed in the Seseokpyeongjeon site, which was formed mainly by a subtree layer. The growth ring survey showed the estimated average age of A. koreana population in the Byeoksoryeong and Banyabong 1 sites to be 102 and 91 years, respectively, a general downward trend of vitality since 2013.

A novel protocol for batch-separating gintonin-enriched, polysaccharide-enriched, and crude ginsenoside-containing fractions from Panax ginseng

  • Rami Lee;Han-Sung Cho;Ji-Hun Kim;Hee-Jung Cho;Sun-Hye Choi;Sung-Hee Hwang;Hyewon Rhim;Ik-Hyun Cho;Man-Hee Rhee;Do-Geun Kim;Hyoung-Chun Kim;Seung-Yeol Nah
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.47 no.3
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    • pp.366-375
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    • 2023
  • Background: Ginseng contains three active components: ginsenosides, gintonin, and polysaccharides. After the separation of 1 of the 3 ingredient fractions, other fractions are usually discarded as waste. In this study, we developed a simple and effective method, called the ginpolin protocol, to separate gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF), ginseng polysaccharide fraction (GPF), and crude ginseng saponin fraction (cGSF). Methods: Dried ginseng (1 kg) was extracted using 70% ethanol (EtOH). The extract was water fractionated to obtain a water-insoluble precipitate (GEF). The upper layer after GEF separation was precipitated with 80% EtOH for GPF preparation, and the remaining upper layer was vacuum dried to obtain cGSF. Results: The yields of GEF, GPF, and cGSF were 14.8, 54.2, and 185.3 g, respectively, from 333 g EtOH extract. We quantified the active ingredients of 3 fractions: L-arginine, galacturonic acid, ginsenosides, glucuronic acid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), phosphatidic acid (PA), and polyphenols. The order of the LPA, PA, and polyphenol content was GEF > cGSF > GPF. The order of L-arginine and galacturonic acid was GPF >> GEF = cGSF. Interestingly, GEF contained a high amount of ginsenoside Rb1, whereas cGSF contained more ginsenoside Rg1. GEF and cGSF, but not GPF, induced intracellular [Ca2+]i transient with antiplatelet activity. The order of antioxidant activity was GPF > GEF = cGSF. Immunological activities (related to nitric oxide production, phagocytosis, and IL-6 and TNF-α release) were, in order, GPF > GEF = cGSF. The neuroprotective ability (against reactive oxygen species) order was GEF > cGSP > GPF. Conclusion: We developed a novel ginpolin protocol to isolate 3 fractions in batches and determined that each fraction has distinct biological effects.

Manufacturing of a Treatment Agent for Corrosion Oxides of Iron Relics (철기 유물 부식 산화물 처리제의 제조)

  • Yang, Eun Hee;Han, Won-Sik;Choi, Kwang-Sun;Hong, Tae-Kee
    • Korea Science and Art Forum
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    • v.30
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    • pp.251-261
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    • 2017
  • Metal is a material that has exerted a lot of influence on the development of human cultures, and has closely connected with our life from the past to the present. Types of metal we have used from the prehistoric times are varied, and iron relics take the largest percentage of metal relics excavated in our country. The biggest threat to the existence of iron relics ranging from excavated relics to the ones that are transmitted is the process of corrosion, and physical removal has been used the most for removing corroded oxides. For details for removal of corrosion oxides, this thesis aimed to research on the chemical corrosion oxides remover that protects parent material of iron relics but treats corrosion oxides only. For safe and effective removal of corrosion oxides of iron relics, this study was conducted aiming at finding the possibility of and optimized composition for removal of iron relics corrosion oxides by manufacturing new acid, alkaline and neutral oxides removers and changing their composition variously, exploring the possibility by applying the agents to modern relics. The results of this study are as follows: First, the acid solution removed only some part of corrosive substance oxidized on the surface of metal specimen. Second, the application of each of alkaline and neutral solution resulted in remaining black-colored corrosive substance, but it was removed when the quantity of the solution and the duration of application are increased. Third, All the three solutions did not cause any damage to parent material in the course of application, and showed the result that they are capable of removing unstable oxide layer while protecting parent material and stable corrosive layer as the solutions would be able to deal with situation by a relic only through the control of concentration of solution and duration of application.

A Time Series Graph based Convolutional Neural Network Model for Effective Input Variable Pattern Learning : Application to the Prediction of Stock Market (효과적인 입력변수 패턴 학습을 위한 시계열 그래프 기반 합성곱 신경망 모형: 주식시장 예측에의 응용)

  • Lee, Mo-Se;Ahn, Hyunchul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.167-181
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    • 2018
  • Over the past decade, deep learning has been in spotlight among various machine learning algorithms. In particular, CNN(Convolutional Neural Network), which is known as the effective solution for recognizing and classifying images or voices, has been popularly applied to classification and prediction problems. In this study, we investigate the way to apply CNN in business problem solving. Specifically, this study propose to apply CNN to stock market prediction, one of the most challenging tasks in the machine learning research. As mentioned, CNN has strength in interpreting images. Thus, the model proposed in this study adopts CNN as the binary classifier that predicts stock market direction (upward or downward) by using time series graphs as its inputs. That is, our proposal is to build a machine learning algorithm that mimics an experts called 'technical analysts' who examine the graph of past price movement, and predict future financial price movements. Our proposed model named 'CNN-FG(Convolutional Neural Network using Fluctuation Graph)' consists of five steps. In the first step, it divides the dataset into the intervals of 5 days. And then, it creates time series graphs for the divided dataset in step 2. The size of the image in which the graph is drawn is $40(pixels){\times}40(pixels)$, and the graph of each independent variable was drawn using different colors. In step 3, the model converts the images into the matrices. Each image is converted into the combination of three matrices in order to express the value of the color using R(red), G(green), and B(blue) scale. In the next step, it splits the dataset of the graph images into training and validation datasets. We used 80% of the total dataset as the training dataset, and the remaining 20% as the validation dataset. And then, CNN classifiers are trained using the images of training dataset in the final step. Regarding the parameters of CNN-FG, we adopted two convolution filters ($5{\times}5{\times}6$ and $5{\times}5{\times}9$) in the convolution layer. In the pooling layer, $2{\times}2$ max pooling filter was used. The numbers of the nodes in two hidden layers were set to, respectively, 900 and 32, and the number of the nodes in the output layer was set to 2(one is for the prediction of upward trend, and the other one is for downward trend). Activation functions for the convolution layer and the hidden layer were set to ReLU(Rectified Linear Unit), and one for the output layer set to Softmax function. To validate our model - CNN-FG, we applied it to the prediction of KOSPI200 for 2,026 days in eight years (from 2009 to 2016). To match the proportions of the two groups in the independent variable (i.e. tomorrow's stock market movement), we selected 1,950 samples by applying random sampling. Finally, we built the training dataset using 80% of the total dataset (1,560 samples), and the validation dataset using 20% (390 samples). The dependent variables of the experimental dataset included twelve technical indicators popularly been used in the previous studies. They include Stochastic %K, Stochastic %D, Momentum, ROC(rate of change), LW %R(Larry William's %R), A/D oscillator(accumulation/distribution oscillator), OSCP(price oscillator), CCI(commodity channel index), and so on. To confirm the superiority of CNN-FG, we compared its prediction accuracy with the ones of other classification models. Experimental results showed that CNN-FG outperforms LOGIT(logistic regression), ANN(artificial neural network), and SVM(support vector machine) with the statistical significance. These empirical results imply that converting time series business data into graphs and building CNN-based classification models using these graphs can be effective from the perspective of prediction accuracy. Thus, this paper sheds a light on how to apply deep learning techniques to the domain of business problem solving.

A Study on the Vegetation Structure of Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) in Jeju-do, Korea (제주도 동백동산 상록활엽수림 식생구조 연구)

  • Kwak, Jeong-In;Lee, Kyong-Jae;Han, Bong-Ho;Song, Ji-Ho;Jang, Jong-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.241-252
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    • 2013
  • This study investigated plant community structure of Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) in Jeju-do to identify character as evergreen broad-leaved forest. 20 plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and plant communities were divided into 5 communities of Quercus glauca-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Ilex integra(Camellia japonica), Quercus glauca-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Camellia japonica, Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica, Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica-Pinus thunbergii and Pinus thunbergii-Quercus glauca by using TWINSPAN, DCA ordination, mean importance value and environmental condition. Area of Evergreen broad-leaved forest with stonny ground is covered with Quercus glauca and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii in canopy layer and Camellia japonica in the subordinate layer. Area of remaining soil's depth is covered with Pinus thunbergii. It has been alleged that Pinus thunbergii planted by human when Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) is not selected local monuments. All of communities is predicted success to community of Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica. Shannon's diversity ranged from 1.0268 to 1.0717 in area of Evergreen broad-leaved forest and 1.2102 in area of Pinus thunbergii. 10 species of broad-leaved tree's constancy ratio is over the 80%. In future, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Cinnamomum japonicum can cover canopy layer, but it has low importance value. Specially high aged Camellia japonica is appeared everywhere. It has been alleged that it was touched by divinity since past. Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) has different plant structure with another evergreen broad-leaved forest. It is hard that knowing its successional sere because it was damaged when it isn't degignate local monument. Accordingly continuous monitoring was required, successional direction and community's character is identified after forest become steady.

Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair For Partial Articular-Surface Tendon Avulsion (PASTA) Lesion (회전근 개 관절내 부분 파열 환자의 관절경적 봉합술)

  • Lee, Bong-Gun;Cho, Nam-Su;Park, Keun-Ho;Moon, Seong-Cheol;Rhee, Yong-Girl
    • Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.242-248
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiologic results of the arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for partial articular surface tendon avulsion lesion. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with symptomatic, partial articular surface tendon avulsion underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between Mar. 2006 and Sep. 2008. The mean follow-up period was 18.3 months(12~36 months), and the mean age at the time of surgery was 46.9-year-old(19~64 years). Three cases had underwent rotator cuff repair after conversion to full-thickness tear and nine cases had transtendon repair with preserving bursal side cuff. Results: The mean VAS during motion was 6.2 before treatment and 2.0 at final follow-up (p<0.001). The passive forward flexion improved from $163.3^{\circ}$ preoperatively to $169.8^{\circ}$ postoperatively (p=0.038). The mean UCLA score improved from 18.4 preoperatively to 30.1 with 2 excellent, 8 good and 2 fair results at final follow-up. The mean KSS improved from 61.8 preoperatively to 76.8 at final follow-up. By examining the postoperative MR images of 5 patients, complete healing was observed in all of them. Conclusion: Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair may be an effective procedure for partial articular surface tendon avulsion in pain relief and improvement of the range of motion. If the remaining bursal side cuff fibers are intact, transtendon repair procedure with preserving the intact bursal layer of the tendon can be considered. If the remaining bursal side cuff fibers are friable or little, completion from partial-thickness to full-thickness tears with subsequent cuff repair can be considered.

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Nutritional Studies for Improvement of Feeding on Korean Native Goat - Absorption of Nutrients in Rumen - (한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊)의 사양개선(飼養改善)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) - 제일위((第一胃)에서의 영양소(營養素) 흡수(吸收)에 대(對)하여 -)

  • Kwon, Soon Ki
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.284-302
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    • 1982
  • Development of protein resources as food has been a big issue especially in Southeast Asia region, and intake of protein is also insufficient in Korea. To cope with this shortage of protein resources and its improvement together with increased production of high nutritive animal protein, studies were carried out on feeding of Korean native goats. In the experiments were made absorption of carbohydrate and volatile fatty acid in miniature rumen, and absorption of amino acid in rumen as in vivo were conducted as part of studies on nutritional absorption in rumen. Those nutritional for improvement of feeding and management as described above are summarized as following. 1. According to the result of test on the nutritional absorption of native goat by means of miniature rumen method, absorption ratio of VFA measured at 0.5, 1 and 2 hours after injection of nutrition showed propionic acid 70-86%, acetic acid 74-87%, and lactic acid 76-89%. In the absorption of organic substances, ethyl alcohol of 0.5% showed 29-87% and lactic acid of 0.1M showed 12-27% of absorption ratio. 2. Result of absorption measurement in rumen from L-type free amino acid injection in the content of rumen vein showed lower rate at menthionine-free group compared to whole-egg amino acid injection in the content of rumen vein showed lower rate at methioine-free group compared to whole-egg amino acid group, and high absorption ratio was observed at methionine 3 times group and urea added group. Deficiency of methionine caused no change of the content in mucous membranes. 3. Absorption of amino acid in rumen muscular layer showed equal tendency as in the mucous membrane without exerting any influence of methionine deficiency. At the methionine3-times group, content of methionine and glutamine were increased by 14.7 and 4.4 times as compared to whole-egg amino acid group, an absorption ratio of glutamine, proline and valine were increased at urea added group. 4. In general, concentration of amino acid in rumen vein plasma was lower than in rumen mucous membrane and muscular layer. Absorption ratio of amino acid is decreased due to methionine deficiency, and tripling of methionine or urea adding caused increment of amino acid. Absorption pattern is thus varied depending on the composition of amino acid. 5. At the urea added group, content of ammonia-N, amino-N and urea were increased in rumen muscular layer. As the inside of goat's rumen was unable to clean thoroughly, investigation was made on remaining bacteria, however, variation of ammonia-N was affected by these bacterial content. 6. Variation in rumen structure by differential absorption of amino acid was observed by general microscope and fluorescent microscope. According to the result of observation in the methionine 3 times group, single cylinder epithelium of mucous membrane showed rather thin, and it was thick at urea added group though no significant differences existed among test groups in submucous membrane and muscular layer.

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Study on the Intrinsic Defects in Undoped GaSb Bulk and MBE-grown GaSb/SI-GaAs Epitaxial Layers for Infrared Photodetectors (적외선검출소자를 위한 GaSb 결정 및 MBE로 성장한 Gasb/SI-GaAs 박막의 진성결함에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, J.O.;Shin, H.W.;Choe, J.W.;Lee, S.J.;Noh, S.K.
    • Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.127-132
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    • 2009
  • We have investigated the intrinsic defects remaining in epitaxial GaSb layers grown on SI-GaAs substrates compared to those in bulk GaSb crystal substrate, which is a basic material of Sb-based strained-layer superlattice infrared photodetectors. From the functional dependence of the band-to-band transition energy of the photomuminescence (PL) spectra observing up to near room-temperature (250 K), the temperature parameters of [$E_o$, $\alpha$, $\beta$] of undoped GaSb crystal are determined by using the Varshni empirical equation describing the temperature variation of the bandgap energy. Additionally to the antisite-Ga ([$Ga_{Sb}$]) with an ionization energy of 29 meV that is well known to a major intrinsic defect in GaSb, epitaxial GaSb layers show a pair of deep states at the emission energy of 732/711 meV that may be related with a complex of two antisite-Ga and antisite-Sb ([$Ga_{Sb}-Sb_{Ga}$]). Based on the analysis of the temperature and the excitation-power dependences of PL, it suggests that excess-Sb substitutes Ga-site by self-diffusion and two anti sites of [$Ga_{Sb}$] and [$Sb_{Ga}$] could form as a complex of [$Ga_{Sb}-Sb_{Ga}$] in GaSb epilayers grown under Sb-rich condition.

Studies on the Michael Addition Reaction between Secondary Amino Groups on the Silica Surface with Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylates (실리카 나노입자 표면에 결합된 2차 아미노기와 Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate의 마이클 부가반응에 대한 연구)

  • Jeon, Ha Na;Ha, KiRyong
    • Polymer(Korea)
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.822-830
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    • 2012
  • We used dipodal type bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]amine (BTMA) silane coupling agent to modify silica nanoparticles to introduce secondary amino groups on the silica surface. These N-H groups were reacted with three different molecular weights (M.W. = 258, 575, and 700) of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylates to introduce different attached layer thicknesses on the silica surface by Michael addition reaction. After Michael addition reaction, we used several analytical techniques such as fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (EA) and solid state $^{13}C$ cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize introduced structures. We found almost complete Michael addition reaction of both two acrylate groups of PDGDA with N-H groups of BTMA modified silica to form ${\beta}$-amino acid esters. Between equimolar ratio of pure BTMA and pure PEGDA reaction, only one acrylate group of two acrylate groups of PEGDA reacted with N-H groups of pure BTMA to form ${\beta}$-amino acid ester and the other remaining acrylate group can be used to form a polymer later.

Transformation Characteristics of Calcined Oyster Shell to Liquid Lime (소성된 굴패각의 액상소석회로의 전환 특성)

  • Ha, Su Hyeon;Kim, Yeongkyoo
    • Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.185-193
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    • 2020
  • There have been many studies on the calcination of oyster shells in the perspective of recycling of resources. The quicklime made by the calcination of oyster shells is used either as it is or after reacting with water to transform to liquid lime before being used. However, the liquid lime made from calcined oyster shells show slightly different properties from that of limestone. In this study, to compare these properties of oyster shell with those of limestone, the samples were calcined and reacted with water at various temperatures to transform to a liquid lime and filtered using 150 ㎛ sieves to calculate the transform rate to liquid lime. The calcined limestone was transformed to liquid lime at all temperatures, but calcined oyster shell did not show any transformation at 30℃ and 50℃ under the experimental conditions of this study, and rather increased the weight for the remaining after filtration due to the presence of Ca(OH)2 produced by the reaction with water, Even at 90℃, the transformation rate of calcined oyster shell to liquid lime was lower than that of limestone. This difference in oyster shell can be explained partly by the preventing calcined one from reacting with water by conchiolin which is protein found in the prismatic and pearl layers of oyster shell. Conchiolin is also known to be stable and does not decompose even at high temperature. However, even the calcined chalk layer without conchiolin shows lower transformation rate than that of calcined limestone, probably due to the small amount of Na in oyster shell, which may cause additional reaction including eutectic melt during calcination process.