• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify nurses' knowledge of pain and provide basic data for development of pain management education programs. Method: The participants in the study were 764 nurses working at seven medical centers in Youngnam area. The instrument used in this study consisted of 22 items on pain knowledge. The data were collected between March 1 and June 30, 2002 using a self-administered questionnaire. Analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test with the SPSS program. Result: 1) The average score for pain knowledge was 13.63 (total possible score, 22). 2) The highest item with correct response rate for knowledge of fain was identifying 'Tylenol as opioid or non-opioid.' and the lowest was for 'When opioids are used for pain relief for 3-6 months, what percent of patients are likely to develop opioid addiction?' 3) Nurses' knowledge of pain was significantly different according to age (F=7.040, p=.000), education (F=3.385, p=.034) and work career (F=6.101, p=.000). Conclusion: The above findings indicate that it is necessary to develop a comprehensive pain management education program and continuously provide the medical team with new knowledge about pain.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2000

Background: For terminal cancer pain management, controlled-release oral morphine (morphine sulfate tablet, MST) is a simple and convenient regimen. Recently, fentanyl transdermal therapeutic system (F-TTS, transdermal fentanyl) has been developed and became one of the alternative ways of providing adequate pain relief. This open prospective study was designed to compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of MST and transdermal fentanyl in the management of terminal cancer pain. Methods: In this open comparative and randomized study, 64 terminal cancer patients received one treatment for 15 days, controlled-release oral morphine (MST group) or fentanyl transdermal therapeutic system (F-TTS group). Daily diaries about the vital sign, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, opioids requirement, co-anagesics, adjuvant drugs and adverse effects were completed with 24 patients in MST group, 18 patients in F-TTS group. Results: The majority of patients in both treatment groups were late-stage cancer and their distribution was not different in both groups. Daily opioids requirement was 126.4 mg in MST uced in F-TTS group (P<0.05). The incidence of nausea, vomiting and constipation was lower in F-TTS group (P<0.05). Patients satisfaction was similar, but F-TTS patient group favored continous use of same treatment compared with MST group after the study was finished. Conclusions: Transdermal fentanyl seems to be safe and similar analgesic effect to controlled-release oral morphine for the control of the terminal cancer patients. However, transdermal fentanyl provides a simpler and more convenient especially in respect to constipation, nausea & vomiting. To determine the exact analgesic effect, cost-effectiveness and complications, controlled trials should be followed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.415-423
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to identify the effects of the application of elastic compression stockings during the hours of work on edema and pain of lower extremity in hospital nurses. Method: The participants were categorized into three groups, 15 for an experimental group of the application of Thigh-Length (T-L) elastic compression stocking, 15 for another experimental group of the application of Knee-Length(K-L) elastic compression stocking and 15 for a control group. The data were analyzed by $X^{2}-test$, ANOVA, Repeated Measures ANOVA and Sheffe-test using SPSS Win 12.0 program. Result: As a result of the study "There are significant differences in lower extremity edema among three groups." was partly supported. "There are significant differences in girth of ankle after work among three groups." was supported(Rt.:F=4.56, p=.016; Lt.: F=5.82, p=.006). "There are significant differences in girth of calf after work among three groups." was not supported(Rt. : F=1.76, p=.183; Lt. : F=1.94, p=.155) "There are significant differences in lower extremity pain after work among three groups." was supported(Rt. : F=95.33, p=.000; Lt. : F=81.33, p=.000). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the application of elastic compression stockings during the hours of work is effective for the relief of edema and pain of lower extremity in hospital nurses.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.352-362
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the level of stress, healthcare accreditation related job stress, adaptation, and turnover intentions, as well as to identify influencing factors of turnover intentions for operating room nurses. This study employed a descriptive correlational design. The data were collected from 163 operating room nurses using a structural questionnaire. Stress was different by age (F=5.629, p=.004), marital status (t=-2.907, p=.004), and children (t=-2.623, p=.010). Healthcare accreditation related job stress was different by age (F=11.924, p<.001), marital status (t=-4.747, p<.001), children (t=-4.434, p<.001), work experience in the OR (F=6.000, p=.003), and work reasons in the OR (t=-2.543, p=.012). Turnover intention was different by age (F=21.472, p<.001), education level (F=4.997, p<.008), religion (t=3.235, p=.001), work experience in the OR (F=13.599, p<.001), position (t=3.222, p=.002), work reasons in the OR (t=-3.001, p=.003), and a shift pattern of duties (t=-2.797, p=.006). Turnover intention was significantly correlated with stress, healthcare accreditation related job stress, and adaptation. Factors affecting turnover intention were healthcare accreditation related job stress, adaptation, and age. These factors accounted for 36.2% of turnover intention. These results suggest that relief of stress and healthcare accreditation related job stress and interventions for improving stress management.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2017

Purpose: This randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of global postural reeducation to segmental stretching in subjects with neck and shoulder pain. Methods: Sixteen subjects with neck and shoulder pain were randomized into two intervention groups, a global posture reeducation group (n=8) that performed muscle chain stretching, and a segmental stretching group (n=8) that performed conventional static muscle stretching. The intervention program consisted of two 40 minutes individual sessions per week for four weeks. Subjects were evaluated pre-intervention, two-week after intervention and at a four-week follow-up appointment for pain intensity, disability and health-related quality of life. Two-way repeated analysis of variance was used for between-time and between-group comparisons. The significance level was 0.05. Results: Significant pain relief and decreasing discomfort of the neck and shoulder were observed after intervention in both groups, and there was an interaction between time lapse and groups (pain, F=10.31, neck disability, F=25.45, shoulder disability, F=12.82, p<0.05). Quality of life also improved after intervention in both groups. Moreover, the physical components score improved, and a significant interaction was observed between time and groups (F=4.85, p<0.05). However, no significant improvement in mental component score of quality of life and no significant interaction between time and groups were observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that a GPR intervention in subjects with neck and shoulder pain induces greater improvement of pain and disability and quality of life than segmental stretching.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2023

Background: Lateral epicondylitis is an increasingly debilitating condition in working population. Evidence for conservative treatment modalities has been inconclusive. Percutaneous pie crusting of the common extensor origin at the lateral epicondyle at the time of local corticosteroid injection (CSI) has been proposed sparsely. The objective of this study was to analyze if concomitant CSI and pie-crusting of the common extensor origin provides better outcome than CSI alone in lateral epicondylitis. Methods: This case-control study on 236 patients was conducted at a single center between January 1, 2020, and May 31, 2022. Patients were divided into two groups (n=118 each) based on their preference. Group A underwent CSI alone and group B underwent pie crusting along with CSI. The clinical and functional outcomes of all patients were evaluated at 2, 4, 6, and 12-week post-procedure using the visual analog scale (VAS) and Nirschl score. The mean time for return to daily activities was also compared. Results: Both groups showed significant improvement in post-procedure outcome at successive follow-ups on intragroup longitudinal analysis (VAS: F=558.384 vs. F=1,529.618, Nirschl: F=791.468 vs. F=1,284.951). On intergroup analysis, VAS of group B was superior to that of group A; however, it was statistically significant (P<0.05) only from the 6-week follow-up onwards. Nirschl score of group B was significantly better throughout the period of follow-up (P<0.05). Group B returned to daily activities faster than Group A (6.2±0.44 weeks vs. 7.18±0.76 weeks). Conclusions: Concomitant pie crusting with CSI is recommended for lateral epicondylitis as it provides significantly better results than CSI alone.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.88-99
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• 1997

Applying effective coping strategies and reducing powerlessness for the chronic pain adjustment of musculoskeletal patients were researched for basic data in the development of nursing intervention. The subjects were 99 musculoskeletal patients with chronic pain. Data was gathered with direct interview using a questionnaire. With the SAS tool. data were analyzed for percentage. Pearson correlation. t-test. and ANOVA according to characteristics of variables. Internal consistency(alpha) coefficients were .91 for coping scales and .71 for powerlessness scales. The results are as follows: 1. Pain duration was mainly 6 - 12 months(52. 5%). 2. Primary pain site was mainly lower limbs(58.6%) and pain severity was a moderate level. 3. The preference of coping strategies was decreased in the order named in resting. seeking social support. exercise or stretch. guarding. and asking for assistance. 4. The longer pain duration. the more the coping strategies of asking assistance used. This was stastically significant(F=3. 35. p<.05). 5. The group with the experience of hospital admission was more powerless than the group without that(F=3. as. p<.01). 6. Pain severity and powerlessness were significantly positively correlated(r=.444. p<.001). Coping strategy applying and powerlessness were significantly negatively correlated(r=-. 288. p<.01). In consequence. the nurse should playa role as the supporter of patient's maximal usage of his resources in pain relief. adjustment, and control. The nurses should also develop for the nursing intervention of physical therapy and educational programs.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.664-673
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of meridian acupressure on constipation in bed-ridden aged inpatients. Methods: The research design was a non-synchronized non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects consisted of 28 bed-ridden aged inpatients. Meridian acupressure was administered to the experimental group at 30 minutes before breakfast every morning for two weeks. Each meridian was pressured for 10 seconds, 10 times. The frequency of defecation and stool form were examined every day. The data was analyzed by the $x^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The experimental group given Meridian Acupressure had a higher frequency of defecation(F = 59.372, p = .000) and normal stool(F = 46.046, p = .000) than the control group. Conclusion: The results suggest that Meridian Acupressure was an effective method for the relief of constipation for bed-ridden aged inpatients. A follow -up research is needed to validate that other patients with constipation can use the Meridian Acupressure as a non-invasive nursing intervention instead of a laxative or enema.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.436-446
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of auricular acupressure on pruritus and fatigue in hemodialysis patients. Methods: The study design was a randomized control group pre-post test. Initially, forty-four patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. There was a loss of three participants assigned to the treatment group. The period of data collection was from December 2014 to March 2015. Both groups completed a pre-test. The treatment group received auricular acupressure once a week for ten weeks. Data were collected from the treatment group at two time periods: five weeks and ten weeks following initiation of the treatment protocol. Data were collected from the control group at week 5 and week 10. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 program, specifically with the independent t-test and the Repeated Measures of ANOVA. Results: Auricular acupressure was effective in reducing pruritus (F=13.93, p<.001) and fatigue (F=18.33, p<.001). Conclusion: Auricular acupressure is a non-invasive simple method that can be used for the relief of symptoms reported by hemodialysis patients. This treatment modality could be used in several clinical areas.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2004

Vehicle structures are composed of many substructure connected to one another by various types of mechanical joints. In vehicle engineering it is important to study these connected structures under various dynamic forces for the evaluations of fatigue life and stress concentration exactly. It is difficult to obtain the accurate load history of specified positions because of the errors such as modeling, measurement and etc. In the beginning of design exact load data are actually necessary for the fatigue strength and life analysis to minimize the cost and time of designing. In this paper, the procedure of practical dynamic force determination is developed by the combination of the principal stresses of F. E. Analysis and experiment. Least square pseudo inverse matrix is adopted to obtain in inverse matrix of analyzed stresses matrix. The error minimization method utilizes the inaccurate measured error and the shifting error that the whole data is stiffed over real data. The least square criterion is adopted to avoid these non. Finally, to verify the proposed procedure, a bus is analyzed. This measurement and prediction technology can be extended to the structural modification of any geometric shape in complex structure.