• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.393-399
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• 2011

The mast cell is one of the major effector cells in inflammatory reactions and can be found in most tissues throughout the body. Activated mast cells can produce histamine, as well as a wide variety of other inflammatory mediators such as eicosanoids, proteoglycans, proteases, and several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, and interleukins (IL-6), IL-8, IL-4, IL-13. In the present study, we isolated two bacterial strains (J80 and G147) from fermented soybean and Jeotgal, and investigated the inhibitory effects of their extracts which were prepared by several pretreatment methods (sonication for 20 min, heating at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, autoclaving at $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min) on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory response. The pretreated bacterial extracts had no cytotoxicity against Human Mast Cell (HMC-1). Among various pretreatments, the extracts treated at $100^{\circ}C$ showed highest inhibition of histamine release (J80, 28.46%; G147, 41.14%). The J80 and G147 extracts treated at $100^{\circ}C$ resulted in the inhibition of IL-6 secretion by 38.46% and 56.45%, respectively. The J80 extract treated at $100^{\circ}C$ resulted in the inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ secretion by 66.67%, but G147 extract showed the highest inhibition effect by 41.1% when treated with sonication. These results suggest that bacterial extracts treated at $100^{\circ}C$ have a higher level of anti-inflammatory effects than other treatments such as sonication or autoclaving.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.457-461
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• 1998

The vesicle system of DPPC(dipalmitoylphosphaticylcholine)/Chol(Cholesterol) has been modified by incorporating various mole fractions of flourinated surfactant($C_8F_{17}(CH_2)_2OCO-CH_2CH(SO_3Na)COO(CH_2)_2C_8F_{17}$. Sodium bis(1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecaflurododecyl)-2-sulfosuccinate, FS)/fluorinated fatty acid salt ($C_7F_{15}COONH_4$, ammoniumpentadecaflurooctyrate, FFS), and their physicochemical properties have been investigated in an attempt to enhance the stability of phospholipid vesicle system. The ${\zeta}$-potential measurement by use of Zetamaster sub-micron Particle Electrophoresis Analyzer (Malvern Co.) showed that a charged homogeneous DPPC/Chol/FS vesicle has been formed owing to the incorporated FFS effect on the membrane, playing a role as a cosurfactant in the bilayer between DPPC and FS components. With increase in the concentration of FFS, it was found that the particle size and also surface charge of the DPPC/Chol/FS vesicle decreased. The stability of DPPC/Chol/FS/FFS liposome was found to be enhanced significantly compared to that of DPPC/Chol/FS according to the dispersity change as a function of time. The release rate of dye molecule of Methylene Blue from the DPPC/Chol/FS/FFS vesicle was determined to be slower than that of DPPC/Chol/FS system, and it may be attributed to the increase in microviscosity of the hydrophobic region in the bilayer. The affinfinity of DPPC/Chol/FS/FFS vesicles to albumin was found to be slightly lowered compared to that of DPPC/Chol/FS. Based on these findings, it was confirmed that a more stable and homogeneous vesicle system of DPPC/Chol/FS could be prepared by addition of FFS, acting as a cosurfactant in the aggregate formation.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of vitamin E on the cadmium contents of bone and on the calcium and phosphorous contents of the blood, urine and feces. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal group and three cadmium poisoned groups. The cadmium poisoned groups consisted of a vitamin E free diet (Cd-0E) group; a 40 mg vitamin E /kg diet (Cd-40E) group; and a 400 mg/kg diet (Cd-400E) group. Experimental animals were maintained on their respective diets for 20 weeks and were simultaneously administered 50 ppm $Cd^{2+}$ dissolved in the drinking water. At the end of the trial, the average hematocrit value in the Cd-0E group was 28.13% lower than in the normal group. However, the average hematocrit value in the Cd-400E group was significantly higher than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. WBC levels in the cadmium-poisoned groups were lower than in the normal group, but Cd-400E group levels were significantly higher than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. The contents of calcium of tibia has no significant difference between normal group and cadmium exposed group at $10^{th}$ week After 20 weeks, the calcium contents of the tibia in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were lower than in the normal group by 25.5% and 22.1 %, respectively, although the calcium contents of the tibia in the Cd-400E group were higher than in the normal group. After 10 weeks, the calcium contents of the femur in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were 19.25% and 15.45% lower than in the normal group, respectively, but the calcium contents of the femur in the Cd-400E group were at the same levels as in the normal group. The levels of calcium in the femur after 20 weeks were similar to the 10-week levels. Calcium levels of the urine in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were 3.92 fold and 2.92 fold higher, respectively, than in the normal group, but levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly lower than in either the Cd-0E group or the Cd-40E group. Calcium levels of the feces in cadmium-poisoned groups were significantly higher than in the normal group, although levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly lower than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. Phosphorous levels of the blood in the Cd-0E group were 17% lower than in the normal group, although levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly higher than in the Cd-0E group. Phosphorous levels of the urine in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were significantly higher than in the normal group, while Cd-400E group levels were found to be at the same level as in the normal group. Cadmium contents of the tibia in the Cd-40E and Cd-400E groups were 13% and 17% lower, respectively, than in the Cd-0E group. Regarding cadmium levels in the femur, only the Cd-400E group achieved lower levels (10% lower) than the Cd-0E group. In conclusion, vitamin E supplementation resulted in a suppression of the release of calcium from bone, and a reduction in the excretion of calcium via the urine and feces, thus having a normalizing effect on calcium metabolism in rats with chronic cadmium poisoning.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.546-554
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• 2006

To understand antitumor activity of Zanthoxylum schinfolium, which has been used as an aromatic and medicinal plant in Korea, the cytotoxic effect of various organic solvent extracts of its leaves on human tumor cells were investigated. Among these extracts such as methanol extract (SL-13), methylene chloride extract (SL-14), ethyl acetate extract (SL-15), n-butanol extract (SL-16), and residual fraction (SL-17), SL-14 appeared to contain the most cytotoxic activity against leukemia and breast cancer cells tested. The methylene chloride extra.1 (SL-14) possessed an apoptogenic activity causing apoptotic DNA fragmentation of human acute leukemia Jurkat T cells via mitochondrial cytochrome c release into cytoplasm, subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP, which could be negatively regulated by antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL. The GC-MS analysis of SL-14 revealed that the twenty-two ingredients of SL-14 were 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol (15.1%), 2-a-methyl-17, b-hop-21-ene (15.1%), 15-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H benzazepin (11.95%), phytol (10.38%), lupeol (9.92%), 12-methylbenzofuran (8.23%), hexadecanoic acid (5.96%), cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid-methyl-ester (5.49%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid-methylester (3.59%), 15-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-2-(4-nitrophenyl) (3.36%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.93%), vitamine E (1.88%), beta-amyrin (0.96%), and auraptene (0.89%). These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of the methylene chloride extract of the leaves of Z. schinifolium toward Jurkat T cells is mainly attributable to apoptosis mediated by mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade regulated by Bcl-xL, and provide an insight into the mechanism underlying antitumor activity of the edible plant Z. schinifolium.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.447-455
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• 2011

To investigate the effects of the improvement of postharvest quality on fresh tomato, antimicrobial microperforated (AMP) films were prepared and their antimicrobial abilities were observed. AMP films were made by coating different types of natural antimicrobial agents such as cinnamon, clove, and clary sage essential oils into microperforated (MP) films. Cinnamon essential oil of 10% (v/v) has proven to be very effective as inhibitor of the mold growth on tomato, compared to the clove and clary sage essential oils. Quality changes of fresh tomatoes packed using the natural AMP films (AMP10 and AMP30) and MP films (MP10 and MP30) during storage were evaluated. Total microbial growth, weight loss, firmness, lycopene content, and decay rate as the major quality parameters were monitored over 9 days at $15^{\circ}C$. The oxygen transmission rates and mechanical properties between the natural AMP and MP films were also compared. There was no significant difference in change of oxygen transmission rate, tensile strength and elongation between the AMP and MP films. For storage studies, the freshness of tomato packaged in AMP30 film was higher than that in OPP film (the control), MP10, MP30, and AMP10 films. Especially, AMP30 film exhibited high efficiency compared to the control for tomato decay during storage periods. Based on the results, the microperforation and antimicrobial properties of the packaged films may significantly affect the maintenance of an optimum gas composition within the package atmosphere for increasing the storage life and quality of produce. They were also effective on the inhibition of microbial growth by controlled release of antimicrobial agent at an appropriate rate from the package into the tomato. Natural antimicrobial agent coating microperforated films could use potential functional package as a method of extending the freshness of postharvest tomato for storage.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.64-84
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• 2002

These studies were conducted to evaluate the Properties of lactic acid Producing bacteria(LAB), isolated from broiler and laying hens cecum and select the optimum strains to improve the performance, environment of poultry house, immunity, and intestinal microflora of broiler and laying hens. In experiment I , 23 LAB strains were isolated from broiler and laying hens cecum as a colony form. Six strains were selected by acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, viability, enzyme release, antagonism, and antibiotics susceptibility. In Experiment II, selected LABs from Ex. 1 were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding various Lactobacillus on performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora, villi development and observation of epithelium surface, blood chemicals and fecal noxious gas of broiler chicks. One thousand eighty one day old broiler chicks were fed into Lactobacillus crispatus avibrol(LCB), Lactobacillus reuteri avibro2(LRB), Lactobacillus crispatus avihen1(LCH), and Lactobacillus vaginalis avihen2(LVH) at the level of 10$^4$ and 10$\^$7/cfu/g diet. Weight gam of chicks fed Lactobacillus tended to increase from the first week and was higher from 50 to 100g in Lactobacillus treatments than control. Feed intake and feed conversion were not statistically different of all treatments. Dry Matter digestibility of Lactobacillus treatments was prone to improve compared to that of control, but was not significantly different. Protein and Ca digestibility were also tended to improve in Lactobacillus treatments relative that of control. Lactobacillus treatments showed improved tendency in crude ash and fat compared to those of control, whereas phosphorus digestibility was not consistency. Nutrients digestibilities of bird fed LCH were superior to those of other treatments, It showed significantly higher in Ca and P digestibility than control(P〈0.05). Total Lactobacillus spp. of birds fed various Lactobacillus was significantly higher in illeum for five weeks(P〈0.05), but was not different at cecum. Yeast was thought to be not completely attached to intestinal lumen for one week. However, total number of yeast was significantly increased in cecum and illeum of three weeks old chicks (P〈0.05). The number of anaerobes exhibited to tendency the increase in Lactobacillus treatments from one week old of age at both ileum and cecum.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2005

The increasing of greenhouse gases may change agricultural environment. The agronomic productivity will depend upon change of temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and fertilization. Particularly, nitrogen fertilization considerably influences rice productivity and agricultural environments. This experiment was conducted to study transformation of nitrogen and to determine the primary yield components responsible for yield differences in paddy soil. $NH_4-N$ concentration of NPK plot in surface water of paddy soil was $2.07mg\;L^{-1}$ at 5 days after transplanting, and then was decreased sharply due to rice absorption and loss to environment. $NO_3-N$ concentration of NPK plot in surface water was $3.97mg\;L^{-1}$ at 10 days after transplanting. $NO_3-N$ concentration range of CRF plot in surface water was $3-5mg\;L^{-1}$ at 30th after transplanting. The accumulation of $NH_3$ volatilization in NPK plot was $22.39kg\;ha^{-1}$, which accounted for 20% of N fertilizer applied but using of CRF fertilizer can reduce $NH_3$ volatilization by 67% in paddy soil. Use efficiency of N fertilizer was not different between CRF70% and CRF100% plot. Rate of N use efficiency were 27.4%, 51.2%, 49.0% in paddy field NPK, CRF70% and CRF100% plots respectively. The yield of CRF70% showed the best effect with 9.3% increase production ratio, compare with NPK plot.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.186-192
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• 1997

Increased activities of phase 2 enzymes including quinone reductase(QR) have been reported to be associated with protection of animals from neoplastic, mutagenic, and other toxic effects of many carcinogens. In previous study, we found that methanol extract of roasted and defatted perilla meal induced the activity of quinone reductase, an anticarcinogenic marker enzyme, in murine hepalc1c7 cells. Current study showed that unroasted perilla had a limited QR-inducing activity, suggesting that roasting cause the generation of active component(s). Thus we hypothesized that QR inducer in perilla might be covalently linked to sugar moiety and released during roasting process. Methanol extract of defatted raw perilla was subject to acid treatment in order to hydrolyze the potential sugar moiety. Prolonged hydrolysis of methanol extract of defatted raw perilla at $98{\sim}100^{\circ}C$ increased the ability to induce cytosolic QR activity of hepalclc7 cells. Furthermore roasting at 180 and $200^{\circ}C$ resulted in significant induction of QR activity. The result strongly support the idea that QR inducer(s) is present in bound form in raw perilla and released during roasting. Cellular QR activity was induced proportionately with the increase of concentration of methanol extract of roasted perilla. The induction of QR by defatted perilla was also examined in the cytosols of liver, small intestine, stomach, lung and kidney of male ICR mice. Induction patterns showed specificity with respect to target tissue and roasting of perilla. Unroasted perilla meal (defatted) significantly induced QR in liver and lung, while roasted perilla meal induced QR in liver and stomach. The observation that raw perilla showed similar QR induction patterns to roasted perilla is consistent with our proposal that QR inducer(s) is present in bound form and released by physical and chemical treatments as digestive or microbial enzymes could release the inducers from inactive glycoside forms in gastrointestinal tract of mice. In conclusion, perilla could exert protective effect against chemically induced carcinogenesis by inducing phase 2 enzymes in biological systems regardless of chemical and physical process such as roasting.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.112-120
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• 1993

The use of fertilizer N is essential for maximum economic yield of crops. Meanwhile, enrichment of $NO_3^-$in the environment has to be avoided. Winter barley crop has a short duration of growth before winter, but is used to receive N greater than 60 kg/ha at seeding. Experiments were performed to determine the quantitative aspect of the fate of soil applied urea N among the residual, leached, and uptaken by winter barley (cv. Olbori), and to evaluate the effect of soil temperature on nitrification. Four levels of urea (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha) was basal-dressed to Olbori. $NH_4^+$ appeared dominant in the soil until 40 days after seeding, whereas $NO_3^-$ did thereafter. Nitrification rate at $5^{\circ}C$ of soil temperature was 40 to 50% of that at $15^{\circ}C. Linear increases in the number of ammonia oxidizing and nitrite oxidizing bacteria of the soil was present as the level of urea fertilization was higher. Less than 60% of N applied at seeding was uptaken by winter barley until mid-March but 50% was lost from death of older barley leaves during overwintering. Thereby only 10% of the applied N remained in the barley in spring. Only 15% of the applied N was present in the rhizosphere. The 17 to 20% of the soil applied N leached out as $NO_3^-$ the rhizosphere. Nitrogen leaching during winter was estimated to be 16 and 20 kg/ha when the basal application level of urea fertilization was 80 and 120 kg/ha, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 1985

In view of the facts that dopamine (DA) when given directly into a lateral ventricle (i.c.v.) of the rabbit brain induces antidiuresis and that haloperidol, a non-specific antagonist of DA receptors, produces anti-diuresis in smaller doses and diuresis and natriuresis in larger doses, the present study was undertaken to delineate the roles of various DA receptors involved in the center-mediated regulation of renal function. Bromocriptine (BRC), a relatively specific agonist of D-2 receptors and at the same time a D-,1 antagonist, elicited natriuresis and diuresis when given i.c.v. in doses ranging from 20 to 600 {\mu}g/kg$, roughly in dose-related fashion, while the renal perfusion and glomerular filtration progressively decreased with doses, indicating that the diuretic, natriuretic action resides in the tubules, not related to the hemodynamic effects. These diuresis and natriuresis were most marked with 200 ${\mu}g/kg$, with the fractional sodium excretion reaching about 10%. With 600 ${\mu}g/kg$, however, the diuretic, natriuretic action was preceded by a transient oliguria resulting from severe reduction of renal perfusion, concomitant with marked but transient hypertension. When given intravenously, however, BRC produced antidiuresis and antinatriuresis along with decreases in renal hemodynamics associated with systemic hypotension, thus indicating that the renal effects produced by i.c.v. BRC is not caused by a direct renal effects of the agent which might have reached the systemic circulation. In experiments in which DA was given i.c.v. prior to BRC, 150 ${\mu}g/kg$ DA did not affect the effects of BRC (200 ${\mu}g/kg$), while 500 ${\mu}g/kg$ DA abolished the BRC effect. In rabbits treated with reserpine, 1 mg/kg i.v.,24 h prior to the experiment, i.c.v. BRC could unfold its renal effects not only undiminished but rather exaggerated and more promptly. In preparations in which one kidney is deprived of nervous connection, the denervated kidney responded with marked diuresis and natriuresis, whereas the innervated, control kidney exhibited antidiuresis. These observations suggest that i.c.v. BRC influences the renal function through release of some humoral natriuretic factor as well as by increasing sympathetic tone, and that various DA receptors might be involved with differential roles in the center-mediated regulation of the renal function.