• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1180-1185
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• 2006

Lab-scale batch experiments using several 25-L transparent acrylic reactors were conducted to develop optimum capping materials that can reduce phosphorus released from polluted sediments. The sediment used in the experiment was very fine clay(8.8 $\Phi$ in mean grain size), and organic carbon($C_{org}$) content was as high as 2%. Four kinds of batches with different capping materials Brucite($Mg(OH)_2$), Sea sand($SiO_2$), Granular-gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), Double layer(brucite+sand), and one control batch were operated for 30 days. Phosphorus fluxes released from bottom sediments in the control batch were estimated to be 14.6 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, while 9.5 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, 5.2 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, 4.2 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, and 3.1 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in the batch capped with Sea sand, Granular-gypsum, Double layer, and Brucite, respectively. The results obtained from lab-scale batch experiments show that there were 70% reduction of phosphorus for some materials such as Brucite, Double layer(brucite+sand), and whereas sea sand only about 35%. The pH range of surface sediment to which Brucite was applied showed about $8.0{\sim}9.5$ in the weak alkaline state. This effect can prevent liberation of $H_2O$. The addition of gypsum into the sediment can reduce the progress of methanogenesis because of fast early diagenesis and sufficient supply of $SO_4^{2-}$ to the sediments, stimulate the SRB highly. Therefore, the application of Brucite and Gypsum can reduce phosphorus release from the sediment as a result of formation of $Mg_5(OH)(PO_4)_3$, pyrite($FeS_x$), and apatite-mineral.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.67-83
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• 2018

The Korean film industry with significant increase every year exceeded the number of cumulative audiences of 200 million people in 2013 finally. However, starting from 2015 the Korean film industry entered a period of low growth and experienced a negative growth after all in 2016. To overcome such difficulty, stakeholders like production company, distribution company, multiplex have attempted to maximize the market returns using strategies of predicting change of market and of responding to such market change immediately. Since a film is classified as one of experiential products, it is not easy to predict a box office record and the initial number of audiences before the film is released. And also, the number of audiences fluctuates with a variety of factors after the film is released. So, the production company and distribution company try to be guaranteed the number of screens at the opining time of a newly released by multiplex chains. However, the multiplex chains tend to open the screening schedule during only a week and then determine the number of screening of the forthcoming week based on the box office record and the evaluation of audiences. Many previous researches have conducted to deal with the prediction of box office records of films. In the early stage, the researches attempted to identify factors affecting the box office record. And nowadays, many studies have tried to apply various analytic techniques to the factors identified previously in order to improve the accuracy of prediction and to explain the effect of each factor instead of identifying new factors affecting the box office record. However, most of previous researches have limitations in that they used the total number of audiences from the opening to the end as a target variable, and this makes it difficult to predict and respond to the demand of market which changes dynamically. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to predict the weekly number of audiences of a newly released film so that the stakeholder can flexibly and elastically respond to the change of the number of audiences in the film. To that end, we considered the factors used in the previous studies affecting box office and developed new factors not used in previous studies such as the order of opening of movies, dynamics of sales. Along with the comprehensive factors, we used the machine learning method such as Random Forest, Multi Layer Perception, Support Vector Machine, and Naive Bays, to predict the number of cumulative visitors from the first week after a film release to the third week. At the point of the first and the second week, we predicted the cumulative number of visitors of the forthcoming week for a released film. And at the point of the third week, we predict the total number of visitors of the film. In addition, we predicted the total number of cumulative visitors also at the point of the both first week and second week using the same factors. As a result, we found the accuracy of predicting the number of visitors at the forthcoming week was higher than that of predicting the total number of them in all of three weeks, and also the accuracy of the Random Forest was the highest among the machine learning methods we used. This study has implications in that this study 1) considered various factors comprehensively which affect the box office record and merely addressed by other previous researches such as the weekly rating of audiences after release, the weekly rank of the film after release, and the weekly sales share after release, and 2) tried to predict and respond to the demand of market which changes dynamically by suggesting models which predicts the weekly number of audiences of newly released films so that the stakeholders can flexibly and elastically respond to the change of the number of audiences in the film.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2017

Heart contraction is essential for insect hemolymph circulation, in which various physiological changes need control of the heart contraction. Thus, interruption of heartbeats intimidate insect survival. Chlorine dioxide induces release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been regarded as the main insecticidal agent. This study analyzed the effect of chlorine dioxide on heartbeats of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella. The larvae have the dorsal vessel on the medial dorsal region in a form of an extending tube from the first thorax to 10th abdominal segment. Dorsal vessel contraction was noticeable between 3rd and 10th abdominal segments, where five heart chambers were observed. Average heartbeat rate was 118.6 beats per min at $25^{\circ}C$. However, the heartbeats varied with ambient temperature. Injection of chlorine dioxide to hemocoel suppressed the heartbeats in a dose-dependent manner. The suppressive effect of chlorine dioxide also increased with exposure time to gas form of the chemical at 100 ppm. However, vitamin E (an antioxidant against ROS) treatment significantly rescued the larvae treated with chlorine dioxide in the heart contraction activity. These results suggest that chlorine dioxide negatively influences on the heart contraction of P. interpunctella via its production of ROS.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.61-76
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• 2006

Purpose : This study examined the non-toxic and the anti-oxidative effect of Dioscoreae Rhizoma on PC12 cells. Sanyak(Dioscoreae Rhizoma; chinese yam, shan yao) is well-known for its curing power for kidney, lung, spleen. Tonifies and augments the spleen and stomach. Tonifies the lung gi and augments the kidney yin. Tonifies the kidneys and also stabilizes and binds. it also binds the essence and treats spermatorrhea, frequent urination, and vaginal discharge. We are therefore interested in whether Dioscoreae Rhizoma is capable of causing abnormal apoptosis processes, and whether this condition can be rectified through Dioscoreae Rhizoma herb treatment. Methods : We used aqueous extract to treat PC12 cells with different concentrations treated with a water or a MeOH extract of Dioscoreae Rhizoma (0, x10, x20, x40, x80). The MTT (3, (4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol) 2, 5-diphenyl-tetraxolium bromide) reduction assay was employed to quantify the differences in cell activity and viability. The Bax expression level was monitored using western-blotting techniques. The patterns of the changes in expression were scanned and analyzed. Results : Bax and GSK-3${\beta}$ promotes cell death and down-regulated during the development of the PC12 cells. This is indicated that Dioscoreae Rhizoma is capable of inducing apoptosis in PC12 cells. The induced cell death and significantly inhibited by Dioscoreae Rhizoma, which can be explained by the increase in the inhibition of Bax and GSK-3${\beta}$ expression. It was also shown that Dioscoreae Rhizoma inhibits the release of $H_2O_2$ and prevents lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the accumulation of wild type Bax protein significantly downregulated in a dose-dependent manner upon treatment with Dioscoreae Rhizoma. Conclusion : In conclusion, Dioscoreae Rhizoma can induce apoptosis via a Bax-dependent pathway or GSK-3${\beta}$ dependent pathway in PC12 cells into anti-oxidant and protective effect.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1000-1006
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• 2015

α-Asarone is the main component of Acorus gramineus, which is a widely used oriental traditional medicine. A. gramineus is known to have a variety of medicinal effects, such as anti-gastric ulcer, antiallergy and antioxidant activity. It is also known to inhibit the release of histamine. However, the mechanism of its action remains unclear in humans. In this study, the effects of α-asarone on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and its antioxidant effect in a cell-free system were examined in HT1080 cells. In an MTT assay, the effect of α-asarone on cell viability showed no cytotoxicity below 16 μM. In an antioxidant assay, α-asarone increased reducing power in a dose-dependent manner but not the scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. In addition, α-asarone exhibited the protective effect against DNA oxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals produced by the Fenton reaction. Furthermore, in a gelatin disk assay, α-asarone enhanced collagenase activity. It also increased the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in a gelatin zymography. On the other hand, the activity of MMP-9 stimulated by phenazine methosulfate (PMS) but not that of MMP-2 was increased in the presence of α-asarone. These findings suggest that α-asarone could be a candidate for the prevention and treatment of pathological diseases related to oxidative stress and MMPs.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.807-815
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• 1996

The protective effect of'ischemic preconditioning'on ischemid-reperfusion injury of heart has been reported in various animal species. but without known mechAnism in detail, In An attempt to investigate the cardioprotective mechanism of ischemic preconditioning, we examined the effects of nitric oxide(UO) synthesis in preconditioned heart of rat The isolated hearts perfused by Langendorfr's method were ex- posed to 30min global ischemia followed by 30min reperfusion with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit(K-H) sol- ution. Ischemic preconditioning was performed with three episodes of Sm n ischemia and Smin repeyfusion before the induction of prolong ischemia(30min)-reperfusion(30min). Ischemic preconditioning prevented the depression of cardiac function(left ventricular pressure .K heart rate) observed in the ischemia- reperfusion hearts and reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase during the reperfusion period. On electromicroscopic pictures, myocardial ultrastructures wore relatively well preserved in isthemic preconditioned hearts. N6_nitro-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME) an inhibitor of L-arginine citric oxide pathway, was infused at a rate O.Smllmin In a dose of 10mg kg-1 before the initial ischemic preconditioning. neither the protection of cardiac function nor the reduction of LDH releAse in ischemic preconditioning hearts was altered in the presence of added L-NAME On ultrastructural finding, the preservation of morphology in ischemic preconditioning heart was not change by the pretreatment of L-UAME. The failure of the WO synthesis inhibitor to reduce t e effect of ischemic preconditioning may be related to be species specific in that NO may allot be the trigger for ischemic preconditioning in rats.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.1021-1028
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• 2013

The frequency of a power system should be kept within limits to produce high-quality electricity. For a power system with a high penetration of wind generators (WGs), difficulties might arise in maintaining the frequency, because modern variable speed WGs operate based on the maximum power point tracking control scheme. On the other hand, the wind speed that arrives at a downstream WG is decreased after having passed one WG due to the wake effect. The rotor speed of each WG may be different from others. This paper proposes an algorithm for assigning the droop of each WG in a wind power plant (WPP) based on the rotor speed for the virtual inertial control considering the wake effect. It assumes that each WG in the WPP has two auxiliary loops for the virtual inertial control, i.e. the frequency deviation loop and the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) loop. To release more kinetic energy, the proposed algorithm assigns the droop of each WG, which is the gain of the frequency deviation loop, depending on the rotor speed of each WG, while the gains for the ROCOF loop of all WGs are set to be equal. The performance of the algorithm is investigated for a model system with five synchronous generators and a WPP, which consists of 15 doubly-fed induction generators, by varying the wind direction as well as the wind speed. The results clearly indicate that the algorithm successfully reduces the frequency nadir as a WG with high wind speed releases more kinetic energy for the virtual inertial control. The algorithm might help maximize the contribution of the WPP to the frequency support.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.650-666
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• 2010

Objectives : In this study, the author tried to investigate whether wood vinegar produced from Morus alba (MA) significantly affects the increase in airway epithelial mucosubstances and hyperplasia of tracheal goblet cells of rats, and in vitro airway mucin secretion and PMA- or EGF- or TNF-alpha-induced MUC5AC mucin production / gene expression from human airway epithelial cells. Materials and Methods : For the in vivo experiment, the author induced hypersecretion of airway mucus and goblet cell hyperplasia by exposure of rats to SO2 over 3 weeks. Effect of orally-administered MA over 2 weeks on increase in airway epithelial mucosubstances from tracheal goblet cells of rats and hyperplasia of goblet cells were assessed using histopathological analysis after staining the epithelial tissue with alcian blue. For the in vitro experiment, confluent RTSE cells were chased for 30 min in the presence of MA to assess the effect of MA on mucin secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, effects of MA on PMA- or EGF- or TNF-alpha-induced MUC5AC mucin production and gene expression from human airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292) were investigated. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated for 30 min in the presence of MA and treated with PMA (10 ng/ml), EGF (25 ng/ml) or TNF-alpha (0.2 nm) for 24 hrs, to assess both effects of MA on PMA- or EGF- or TNF-alpha-induced MUC5AC mucin production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gene expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Possible cytotoxicities of MA in vitro were assessed by examining LDH release from RTSE cells and the rate of survival and proliferation of NCI-H292 cells. In vivo liver and kidney toxicities of MA were evaluated by measuring serum GOT/GPT activities and serum BUN/creatinine concentrations of rats after administering MA orally. Results : 1. MA decreased the amount of intraepithelial mucosubstances of rats exposed to sulfur dioxide inhalationally. 2. MA decreased in vitro mucin secretion from cultured RTSE cells. 3. MA significantly inhibited PMA-, EGF-, and TNF-alpha-induced MUC5AC mucin productions and the expression levels of MUC5AC mRNA from NCI-H292 cells. 4. MA did not show either in vitro or in vivo hepatic or renal toxicities. Conclusion : The results from this study suggests that MA can regulate the secretion, production and gene expression of airway mucin observed in diverse respiratory diseases accompanied by mucus hypersecretion and does not show in vivo toxicity to liver and kidney functions after oral administration. Effects of MA should be further studied using animal experimental models that simulate the diverse pathophysiology of respiratory diseases via future research.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Yong-dam-sa-gan-tang (YST) on apoptosis in HepG2 cells, First of all. to study the cytotoxic effect of methanol extract of YST on HepG2 cells, the cells were treated with various concentrations of YST and then cell viability was determined by XTT reduction method and trypan blue exclusion assay. YST reduced proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. To confirm the induction of apoptosis, HepG2 cells were treated with various concentrations of YST. The cleavage of poly AD P-ribose polymerase (P ARP), a substrate for caspase-3 and a typical sign of apoptosis, and the activation of caspase-3, procaspase-8 and procaspase-8 were examined by western blot analysis. YST decreased procaspase-3, procaspase-8 and procaspase-9 levels in a dose-dependent manner and induced the clevage of PARP. YST triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling by increasing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol. Furthermore, YST also downregulated the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and upregulated the pro-apoptotic-Bax. Therefore, this result suggest that YST induced HepG2 cell death through the mitochondrial pathway. Sustained activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK cascade in cells results in a cell cycle arrest and has been implicated in the differentiation of certain cell types, in many cases acting to promote differentiation. YST decreased the activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK cascade in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that YST is potentially useful as a chemo-therapeutic agent in HepG2.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.349-355
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• 2003

We previously shown that LES contraction depends on $M_3$ receptors linked to PTX insensitive $G_q$ protein and activation of PLC. This results in production of $IP_3$, which mediates calcium release, and contraction through a CaM dependent pathway. In the esophagus ACh activates $M_2$ receptors linked to PTX sensitive $G_{i3}$ protein, resulting in activation of PLD, presumably, production of DAG. We investigated the role of PLC isozymes which can be activated by $G_q$ or $G{\beta}$ protein on ACh-induced contraction in LES and esophagus. Immunoblot analysis showed the presence of 3 types of PLC isozymes, $PLC-{\beta}1$, $PLC-{\beta}3$, and $PLC-{\gamma}1$, but not $PLC-{\beta}2$, $PLC-{\beta}4$, $PLC-{\gamma}2$, $PLC-{\delta}1$, and $PLC-{\delta}2$ from both LES and esophageal muscle. ACh produced contraction in a dose dependent manner in LES and esophageal muscle cells obtained by enzymatic digestion with collagenase. $PLC-{\beta}1$ or $PLC-{\beta}3$ antibody incubation reduced contraction in response to ACh in LES but not in esophageal permeabilized cells, but $PLC-{\gamma}1$ antibody incubation did not have an inhibitory effect. The inhibition by $PLC-{\beta}1$ or $PLC-{\beta}3$ antibody on Ach-induced contraction was antibody concentration dependent. The combination with $PLC-{\beta}_1$ and $PLC-{\beta}_3$ antibody completely abolished the contraction, suggesting that $PLC-{\beta}1$ and $PLC-{\beta}3$ have a synergism to inhibit the contraction in LES. $PLC-{\beta}1$, -${\beta}3$ or -${\gamma}1$ antibody did not reduce the contraction of LES cells in response to DAG ($10^{-6}$ M), suggesting that this isozyme of PLC may not activate PKC. When $G_{q/11}$ antibody was incubated, the inhibitory effect of the incubation of PLC ${\beta}3$, but not of PLC ${\beta}_1$ was additive (Fig. 6). In contrast, when $G_{\beta}$ antibody was incubated, the inhibitory effect of the incubation of PLC ${\beta}_1$, but not of PLC ${\beta}_3$ was additive. This data suggest that $G_{q/11}$/11 or $G{\beta}$ may activate cooperatively different PLC isozyme, $PLC{\beta}_1$ or $PLC{\beta}_3$ respectively.