• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.472-482
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• 2003

Purpose: Purposes of this study were to understand the current trends on complementary therapy in relieving chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and to suggest the future research direction. Method: Subjects were selected on CINAHL, MEDLINE, Korean Academy Data Base from 1980 to 2001 which used nausea, vomiting, chemotherapy and complementary therapy as key words in experimental studies. Eight korean articles and twenty-one international articles were analyzed in terms of general characteristics, research methods, and types of complementary therapy. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods. Result: Since 2000, researchers have more actively used complementary therapy. In subject characteristics, mean age was 35.5 years old, 45% of the researchers were performed with high level of incidence of chemotherapy induced vomiting, 14% of them set limit of consecutive cycle during research, and 65% of them did not comment the selecting criteria of sample. About 60% of them were designed post-test only control group; 35% used INV by Rhodes, 31% used Likert scale, and 24% used VAS for dependent variable. Muscle relaxation therapy was mostly applied for relief of nausea and vomiting. Conclusion: Further studies will be needed to control extrinsic variables affecting nausea and vomiting in research design and to accumulate evidence with studies applying various complementary therapies.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.608-616
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare how three kinds of emotionally different music impacted on the emotion and arousal by measuring EEG. The research method was to compare the measurement of the background EEG on Fp1 and Fp2 before, while and after listening using a 2-channel EEG device with various experimental groups aging from 20s to 50s. The results were as follows. 1) At both Fp1 and Fp2, the amplitude of alpha(8-13Hz), SMR(12-15Hz), low beta, high beta, and ${\alpha}/-{\beta}$significantly increased in all music, while at Fp2 only, theta and ??/SMR increased meaningfully.2) At right prefrontal cortex(Fp2), all bands of EEG predominated while and after listening to all songs over Fp1 except for the delta of funeral march which predominated while listening to Fp1.3) The music with a noticeably high alpha value and increased activity was Prelude. These results suggested that Prelude induced brain activity along with relaxation, and the emotionally heavy burden of funeral march decreased the activity of the left brain. This research revealed that feeling emotional change by listening to music was due to the fact that music influenced the brain activity inducing the change of emotion and arousal.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.57-58
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• 2006

The effects of lowering ECAP temperature during ECAP process and Post-ECAP annealing on microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of the AZ31 alloys have been investigated in the present study. The as-extruded materials were ECAP processed to 2 passes at 553K prior to subsequent pressing up to 6 passes at 523K or 493K. When this method of lowering ECAP temperature during ECAP was used, the rods could be successfully deformed up to 6 passes without any surface cracking. Grain refinement during ECAP process at 553K might have helped the material to endure further straining at lower deformation temperatures probably by increasing the strain accommodation effect by grain boundary sliding, causing stress relaxation. Texture modification during ECAP has a great influence on the strength of Mg alloys because HCP metals have limited number of slip systems. As slip is most prone to take place on basal planes in Mg at room temperature, the rotation of high fraction of basal planes to the directions favorable for slip as in ECAP decreases the yield stress appreciably. The strength of AZ31 Mg alloys increases with decrease of grain size if the texture is constant though ECAP deformation history is different. A standard positive strength dependence on the grain size for Mg alloys with the similar texture (Fig. 1) supports that the softening of ECAPed Mg alloys (a negative slope) typically observed despite the significant grain refinement is due to the texture modification where the rotation of basal planes occurs towards the orientation for easier slip. It could be predicted that if the original fiber texture is restored after ECAP treatment yielding marked grain refinement, yield stress as high as 500 MPa will be obtained at the grain size of ${\sim}1{\mu}m$. Differential speed rolling (DSR) with a high speed ratio between the upper and lower rolls was applied to alter the microstructure and texture of the AZ31 sheets. Significant grain refinement took place during the rolling owing to introduction of large shear deformation. Grain size as small as $1.4{\mu}m$ could be obtained at 423K after DSR. There was a good correlation between the (0002) pole intensity and tensile elongation. This result indicates that tensile ductility improvement in the asymmetrically rolled AZ31 Mg alloys is closely related to the weakening of basal texture during DSR. Further basal texture weakening occurred during annealing after DSR. According to Hall-Petch relation shown in Fig. 1, the strength of the asymmetrically rolled AZ31 is lower than that of the symmetrically rolled one when compared at the same grain size. This result was attributed to weakening of fiber texture during DSR. The DSRed AZ31, however, shows higher strength than the ECAPed AZ31 where texture has been completely replaced by a new texture associated with high Schmid factors.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.5-20
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• 2018

The fully autonomous vehicle, which has been actively studied in a worldwide before commercialization, is expected to become a living space by securing time and space compared to existing automobile. For this reason, interior design of fully autonomous vehicle has become very important. To enhance passenger's experience and satisfaction in fully autonomous vehicle, it is necessary to design an optimized space that can support in-vehicle activities. For this purpose, efforts to analyze the passenger's in-vehicle activities should be preceded. However, there were limited studies that define space and in-Vehicle activities of fully autonomous vehicle in Korea. The purpose of this study is to suggest the guideline of the interior design of fully autonomous vehicle by analyzing and classifying the scope of activities that the passenger can perform within the vehicle. As a method of the study, literature studies on future concept cars, human lifetime behavior and consumer needs had been conducted. As a result in-vehicle activities could be applied in a fully autonomous vehicle. Four in-vehicle activities 'work', 'home life and personal care', 'relaxation' and 'conversation and hobby' had been derived through the analysis of in-vehicle activities. Based on the results, the interior design of fully autonomous vehicle guideline has been suggested. The study is significant because the result of the study can act as a basic study which considers the activities in the fully autonomous vehicle environment.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.53-63
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• 2013

Bored pre-cast piles using PHC piles is widely used in foundation of building structures constructed in urban areas because noise and vibration due to pile installation are low. However, since slime is formed at the base of borehole and the density of bearing stratum surrounding the base of borehole is decreased due to stress relaxation in drilling process of bored pre-cast pile method, the base load capacity of bored pre-cast piles is very low compared to the strength of bearing stratum. In this study, a new type of PHC pile, which short steel pipe with the same diameter as the PHC pile is attached to the pile tip, is developed to increase the base load capacity of bored pre-cast piles. In order to check the effect of the use of new PHC pile on the base load capacity of bored pre-cast piles, field pile load tests are performed for bored pre-cast piles using the new and existing PHC piles. Results of the pile load tests show that the new PHC pile gives higher base load capacity to bored pre-cast piles than the existing PHC pile, since the tip of new PHC pile is penetrated to undisturbed bearing stratum passing through the slime at the base of borehole and the loosened bearing stratum under the slime by pile driving using light hammer.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2007

Objectives : Depression disturbs the individual life from the loss of productivity to suicide. Furthermore the whole society is also influenced by depression in social and economic areas. Many scientific treatment methods are known to be effective in depression. But in reality more than half of patients with depression prefer self help treatment rather than medically based treatment. For the patients with mild depression and primary physicians, it is reasonable to provide the evidence based self care including self help or alternative treatment. This study is supported by the Korean Health 21 R&D Project for the Depression Center to establish the Korean treatment guideline for depression. Methods : The members of Depression Center including the authors attended the workshops where the methods of evidence based medicine such as literature search, quality evaluation of the articles, making the level of evidence were educated. The professional librarians helped the authors for get the searched articles. Among the total of 354 abstracts of systemic review and 300 abstracts of random controlled trials, 3 systemic reviews and 2 random controlled trials were the main structure of evaluation. Result : Among the 37 self care methods known to be effective for depression, 11 kinds of methods were worth of evaluation. The first step for the self care of mild depression is to use St. John's wort, exercise, bibliotherapy, and light therapy in depression during winter season. Acupuncture, negative ion therapy, massage, relaxation technique are known to be efective with evidence. Music therapy, hypnotherapy, and aromatherapy are known to be effective but until now the evidences is insufficient and further evaluations are needed. Conclusion : Among 11 listed self-care methods, several methods need more evidence especially in Korean situation. Exercise is the most recommendable evidence based self care method in Korea nowadays. St. John's wort is effective with evidence, but it is not the OTC drug in Korea, so it is not recommendable now. For the bibliotherapy, there is no book such as "Feeling Good" in Korea. Only the introductory book about depression is available. Publishing the self help book based upon cognitive behavioral approach or psychodynamic approach is needed. Light therapy is practiced in a few clinics, but not self-help style. Exposure to the sunlight is recommended in the level of commen sense. These self care methods are for the mild patient. Moderate to severe patients with depression should seek the professional treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2000

CoCr$_{x}$ Fe$_{2-x}$O$_4$(0.0$\leq$x$\leq$1.0) ferrites have been fabricated by sol-gel method. The crystallographic and magnetic properties of the samples were investigated by means of x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscophy, Mossbauer spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. The structure of all the samples is cubic spinel type and the lattice constant decrease with increasing Cr content. The substituted Cr ions were located only in the B-site. The particle size also decreases with increasing Cr content. The Mossbauer spectra consist of two sextets due to Fe$^{3+}$ions at A- and B sites for 0.0$\leq$x$\leq$0.6, while, a paramagnetic doublet appears for 0.8$\leq$x$\leq$1.0. The magnetic hyperfine field decreases with increasing Cr content. The relaxation spectra was shown at 0.8$\leq$x$\leq$1.0 in CoCr$_{x}$ Fe$_{2-x}$O$_4$. The coercivity decreases drastically, while, the saturation magnetization decreases linearly with increasing x.ing x.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.95-110
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• 1992

Much progress has been made in understanding the subcellular events of the human lung injuries after acute exposure to environmental air pollutants. Host of those events represent oxidative damages mediated by reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxy, free radical. Recently, nitric oxide (NO) was found to be endogenously produced by endothelial cells and cells of the reticulo-endothelial system as endothelialderived relaxation factor (EDRF) which is a vasoactive and neurotransmitter substance. Together with superoxide, NO can form another strong oxidant, peroxonitrite. The relative importance of exogenous sources of $N0/N0_2$ and endogenous production of NO by the EDRF producing enzymes in the oxidative stresses to the heman lung has to be elucidated. The exact events leading to chronic irreversible damage are still yet to be known. From chronic exposure to oxidant gases, progressive epithelial and interstitial damages develop. Type I epithelial cells become thicker and cover a smaller average alveolar surface area while thee II cells proliferate instead. Under acute damages, the extent of loss of the alveolar epithelial cell lining, especially type II cells appears to be a good predictor of the ensuing irreversible damage to alveolar compartment. Interstitial matrix undergo remodeling during chronic exposure with increased collagen fibers and interstitial fibroblasts. However, Inany of these changes can be reversed after cessation of exposure. Among chronic lung injuries, genetic damages and repair responses received particular attention in view of the known increased lung cancer risks from exposure to several air pollutants. Heavy metals from foundry emission, automobile traffics, and total suspended particulate, especially polycystic aromatic hydrocarbons have been positively linked with the development of lung cancer. Asbestos in another air pollutant with known risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma, but asbestos fibers are nonauthentic in most bioassays. Studies using the electron spin resonance spin trapping method show that the presence of iron in asbestos accelerates the production of the hydroxy, radical in vitro. Interactions of these reactive oxygen species with particular cellular components and disruption of cell defense mechanisms still await further studies to elucidate the carcinogenic potential of asbestos fibers of different size and chemical composition. The distribution of inhaled pollutants and the magnitude of their eventual effects on the respiratory tract are determined by pollutant-independent physical factors such as anatomy of the respiratory tract and level and pattern of breathing, as well as by pollutant-specific phyco-chemical factors such as the reactivity, solubility, and diffusivity of the foreign gas in mucus, blood and tissue. Many of these individual factors determining dose can be quantified in vitro. However, mathematical models based on these factors should be validated for its integrity by using data from intact human lungs.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aroma-inhalation on depression, sleep, mood, and smell in stroke patients and their caregivers. Method: This study employed one group pretest-posttest repeated design. Data were collected at three time points: baseline(pre-test), 10 days and 20 days after the intervention(Post-test1 and post-test2, respectively). The sample included a total of 23 subjects. Data were analyzed by SPSS 12.0 program using repeated measure ANOVA. Results: Depression was not statistically significant difference among pre-test, post-test1 and post-test2. Sleep was improved after intervention $37.61{\pm}7.41$(pre-test), $41.22{\pm}8.26$ (post-test1), $44.33{\pm}7.67$(post-test2) (F=8.182. p=.001) Mood was significantly improved after intervention: $16.95{\pm}4.89$(pre-test), $14.89{\pm}6.31$(post-test1), $12.11{\pm}5.04$(post-test2). Smell including smell perception, discomfort due to smell and relation between age and smell was significantly improved after intervention: $2.63{\pm}1.20$ (pre-test). $2.00{\pm}1.16$(post-test1), $1.63{\pm}.96$(post-test2) (F=6.176. p=.006) in smell perception, $2.50{\pm}1.10$ (pre-test). $1.81{\pm}.91$(post-test1), $1.19{\pm}.40$(post-test2) (F=12.26. p=.000) in discomfort due to smell and $3.53{\pm}1.18$(pre-test). $2.59{\pm}1.46$(post-test1), $2.53{\pm}1.33$(post-test2) (F=4.148, p=.025) in relation between age and smell. Conclusion: The results suggest that aroma-inhalation may have an effect on sleep, mood and smell and can be effective nursing intervention to increase the relaxation in stroke patients and their caregivers.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.187-201
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze the smart phone usage experience structure for college students. The phenomenology approach was used by conducting 4 times in-depth interviews with the 7 college students age between 20~23. Collected Data was analyzed by Giorgi's phenomenological method. There were 4 general structure descriptions and 28 themes. General structure descriptions were 'Dependence on smart phone', 'Phenomenon of smart phone usage', 'Results of smart phone usage' and 'Relationship between stress and smart phone'. Themes consisted of 'Ambivalence', 'Positive feelings for smart phones', 'Separation anxiety', 'Negative feelings for smart phones'. 'Dependent feelings for smart phones', 'A sense of unity with smart phones', 'Helpful for my life', 'Deeply involved with my life', 'Useful tool in my life', 'Study, communication, relaxation and health care', 'Maintain personal relationship', 'The most important thing in my life', 'Shallow relationship stress', 'Interference with personal relationship', 'Forming a negative relationship', 'Invasion of privacy', 'Forming a Incorrect relationship', 'Unwanted participation', 'No effort to improve relationship', 'Poor concentration', 'Interference with academic study', 'Study assistance', 'Limited help for study in depth', 'Shelter from the stress', 'Amplification of the stress', 'Obsessive focus', 'Feel separation for the reality' and 'Waste of time'. Smart phone usage make college students dependent on smart phones and had negative influence on both personal relationship and academic results. Usage of smart phone also amplified stress. Therefore we need fundamental principles on usage of smart phone and propose to build cultural etiquette that provides reasonable way to use smartphone.