• 성인간호학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.472-482
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• 2003

Purpose: Purposes of this study were to understand the current trends on complementary therapy in relieving chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and to suggest the future research direction. Method: Subjects were selected on CINAHL, MEDLINE, Korean Academy Data Base from 1980 to 2001 which used nausea, vomiting, chemotherapy and complementary therapy as key words in experimental studies. Eight korean articles and twenty-one international articles were analyzed in terms of general characteristics, research methods, and types of complementary therapy. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods. Result: Since 2000, researchers have more actively used complementary therapy. In subject characteristics, mean age was 35.5 years old, 45% of the researchers were performed with high level of incidence of chemotherapy induced vomiting, 14% of them set limit of consecutive cycle during research, and 65% of them did not comment the selecting criteria of sample. About 60% of them were designed post-test only control group; 35% used INV by Rhodes, 31% used Likert scale, and 24% used VAS for dependent variable. Muscle relaxation therapy was mostly applied for relief of nausea and vomiting. Conclusion: Further studies will be needed to control extrinsic variables affecting nausea and vomiting in research design and to accumulate evidence with studies applying various complementary therapies.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.185-195
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• 2000

Vascular diseases are significant complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), and the endothelial cells may play a pivotal role in the development of vascular disease in DM. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) released from endothelium is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide and circulating level of ET-1 is increased in a variety of disease states. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes of responsiveness to ET-1 in DM, and we experimented on the changes in the ET-1-induced contraction, levels of nitrite and lipid peroxidation, and ET-1 immunoreactivity in aorta from streptozotocin-induced DM rats. DM was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.p.). The immunoreactive ET-1 levels in endothelial layer of thoracic aorta were much higher in DM rats than control rats. Nitrite in tissue homogenate was decreased and plasma nitrite was increased in DM rats. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased in DM rats and cGMP was not significantly different between control and DM rats. ET-1 produced concentration- dependent contractile responses that are significantly attenuated in DM rats compared to controls. In the presence of selective $ET_A$ receptor antagonist BQ610, the maximum contraction was decreased and the concentration ratios for BQ610 yielded $pA_2$ values of 7.3 (slope, 0.65) in control rats, whereas BQ610 had no antagonistic effect on ET-1-induced contraction in DM rats. However, pretreatment with BQ788, an $ET_B$ receptor antagonist, maximum response was decreased and the dose-response curves for ET-1 were shifted to the right in both groups and $pA_2$ values were 7.9 and 7.7 (slope, 1.05 in control and DM rats), respectively. IRL 1620 and sarafotoxin S6c, $ET_B$ agonists, induced relaxation in control rats but not in DM rats. These results indicate that endothelial cell dysfunction and enhanced immunoreactivity of ET-1 have been found in DM rat and ET-1-induced contraction was attenuated in DM rat. These attenuated responses might be at least in part caused by the alteration of $ET_A$ receptor properties (e.g. desensitization), and partly related with an alteration in intracellular mechanism for contraction to ET-1.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2000

어종에 따라 혈관의 긴장도 조절은 다양한 신경전달물질에 의하여 조절되고 있다. 그러나 아직 대부분의 어종에서 자율신경계 신경전달물질 및 혈관긴장도 조절인자들의 기능에 대하여 명확하게 규명되어 있지 않다. 본 연구는 아직 연구되지 않은 분야인 이스라엘잉어에서의 자율신경계 신경전달물질들의 혈관긴장도 조절에서의 역할을 규명하고자 적출복대동맥을 이용하여 시험하였다. 이 적출혈관에서 아세틸콜린 (ACh)은 정상혈관과 미리 일정수준 수축시킨 혈관 모두에서 수축을 유발하였으며 수축작용은 무스카린성 길항제인 아트로핀에 의해 거의 완벽하게 차단되었다. 여러 가지 아드레날린성 수용체를 동시에 흥분시키는 내인성 물질인 에피네프린 (Epi)은 혈관의 조건에 상관없이 이완반응을 유발하였다. 그러나 유사한 내인성물질인 노르에피네프린 (NE)은 정상혈관에서는 미약한 수축율, 미리수축된 혈관에서는 이완작용을 유발하였다. 한편 ${\alpha}_1$ 아드레날린성 수용체 흥분제인 페닐에프린은 수축을, $\beta$수용체 홍분제인 이소프로테레놀은 이완을 각각 유발하였으며 ${\alpha}_2$수용체 흥분제인 클로니딘은 아무런 반응을 유발하지 않았다. Epi, NE 및 이소프로테레놀에 의해 유발된 혈관이완 반응은 $\beta$ 아드레날린성 수용체 길항제인 프로프라놀롤에 의해 유의하게 억제되었다. 따라서 살아있는 상태의 이스라엘 잉어에서는 ACh는 주로 무스카린성 수용체 활성화에 의한 혈관을 수축하는 기능을, Epi과 NE는 $\beta$수용체 흥분에 의한 이완작용을 각각 발휘하는 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.79-92
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• 2002

This study was aimed to analyze the variables measuring stress and immune responses, to identify the relationship between stress and immune responses, and to find out the effect of nursing interventions associated with stress and immune responses by reviewing thirty-four published articles since 1970 in Korea. The articles were selected in the field of nursing, stress management, and masters or doctoral dissertations and limited to human subject. Among these, the thirty-one articles were published since 1996 and mainly distributed in nursing (44.1%) and medicine(44.1%). The prevailing research design was nonequivalent control pre-post experimental design(41.1%). The research subjects were 55.9% for patients and 44.1% for healthy general persons including 20.6% of university students. To evaluate stress, both physiologic and psychosocial measures were adapted together in 35.3% of the articles. The most frequent two variables measuring stress and immune response were cortisol level(15.9%) and number or activity of natural killer cell(25.9%). The relation between stress and immune responses was positive in 4 articles, negative in 9 cases, and none in 12 cases. Decreased stress and enhanced immune function have been found when massage, abdominal breathing, exercise, relaxation, and touch were provided as nursing interventions. The articles to investigate the relationship between stress and immune function were limited and the tested variables were diverse. Also there was no consistent evidence to correlate the stress and immune function at present. Further studies are needed to construct a valid research design and to investigate the relationship between stress and immune responses. Nursing interventions to decrease stress should be developed to result in the increased immune function and the effect of these interventions would be verified.

• 경영정보학연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.15-39
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• 2007

모바일게임은 새로운 수익원의 창출과 무선 애플리케이션 및 서비스의 제공이라는 잠재적 이점을 제공하는 혁신적인 엔터테인먼트 기술로 떠오르고 있으며, 다른 형태의 컴퓨터게임과 같이 가상세계의 흥미로운 디지털 경험을 줌으로써 독특한 가치를 제공하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 모바일 게이머의 게임 이용 동기를 기반으로 게이머를 분류하고, 분류된 게이머 집단에 대해 인구통계 속성과 모바일게임 이용 형태 및 게임 이용 시간의 차이를 실증적으로 검증하였다. 통계적 검증 결과 나이, 성, 모바일 단말기, 모바일 게임 경험 및 선호하는 게임 방식에 따라 게임 이용시간에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 게임 이용 동기를 설명할 수 있는 변수에 대한 설문조사 결과를 요인분석한 결과 탈출, 사회적 상호작용, 경쟁/도전감, 환상감/각성, 접근 용이성이라는 모바일게임 이용 동기를 도출했으며, 이러한 동기요인을 중심으로 군집분석을 수행하여 멀티게이머(Multi-gamers), 커뮤니케이션 중심 게이머(Communication-focused gamers), 모바일 액티브게이머(Mobile active-gamers)라는 3개의 게이머 집단을 구분하였다. 이들 집단 간의 모바일게임 이용 특성과 모바일 단말기 이용 현황 및 사회 경제적 변수에 대한 특성을 비교한 결과 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 발견하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1749-1754
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• 2003

The study was undertaken to see the effect of elevated feeding during pre-partum or pre- as well as post-partum period on the productive and reproductive performance of crossbred cows. The experiment lasted for 60 d pre-partum to 120 d post-partum. Eighteen dry pregnant crossbred cows divided into three equal groups were fed either as per NRC feeding standard (C) or 20% above NRC during 60 d pre-partum ($T_1$) or fed 20% above NRC during both 60 d pre-partum to 120 d post-partum ($T_2$) period. During prepartum period body weight gain was significantly ($p{\leq}0.05$) higher in $T_1$ and $T_2$ groups than that of control group. The animals fed at higher plane of nutrition ($T_1$ and $T_2$) took significantly lesser time for complete relaxation of pelvic muscles, act of calving and for expulsion of placenta than that of control group. Moreover, such cows delivered 2 to 3 kg heavier calves as compared to normal fed dams. During post-partum period, the average daily milk yield was significantly higher in $T_2$ group than that in $T_1$ and control groups. The peak yield was significantly higher in $T_2$ group, it took longer time to reach peak production but it was more persistent in this group as compared to $T_1$ and control groups. Average milk fat, solids-not-fat (SNF) and total solids were significantly higher in $T_1$ and $T_2$ groups as compared to control group. Body weight losses incurred during early lactation were not even compensated by end of 4th month of lactation in C and $T_1$ groups whereas the animals in $T_2$ group gained 2.0 kg. The 1st post-partum estrus and conception rate were better in high fed groups ($T_1$ and $T_2$) than that of control group. The returns over feed cost of milk production were higher in $T_2$ group followed by $T_1$ and control groups indicating the advantage of elevated feeding during pre- and post-partum periods.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.95-110
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• 1992

Much progress has been made in understanding the subcellular events of the human lung injuries after acute exposure to environmental air pollutants. Host of those events represent oxidative damages mediated by reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxy, free radical. Recently, nitric oxide (NO) was found to be endogenously produced by endothelial cells and cells of the reticulo-endothelial system as endothelialderived relaxation factor (EDRF) which is a vasoactive and neurotransmitter substance. Together with superoxide, NO can form another strong oxidant, peroxonitrite. The relative importance of exogenous sources of $N0/N0_2$ and endogenous production of NO by the EDRF producing enzymes in the oxidative stresses to the heman lung has to be elucidated. The exact events leading to chronic irreversible damage are still yet to be known. From chronic exposure to oxidant gases, progressive epithelial and interstitial damages develop. Type I epithelial cells become thicker and cover a smaller average alveolar surface area while thee II cells proliferate instead. Under acute damages, the extent of loss of the alveolar epithelial cell lining, especially type II cells appears to be a good predictor of the ensuing irreversible damage to alveolar compartment. Interstitial matrix undergo remodeling during chronic exposure with increased collagen fibers and interstitial fibroblasts. However, Inany of these changes can be reversed after cessation of exposure. Among chronic lung injuries, genetic damages and repair responses received particular attention in view of the known increased lung cancer risks from exposure to several air pollutants. Heavy metals from foundry emission, automobile traffics, and total suspended particulate, especially polycystic aromatic hydrocarbons have been positively linked with the development of lung cancer. Asbestos in another air pollutant with known risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma, but asbestos fibers are nonauthentic in most bioassays. Studies using the electron spin resonance spin trapping method show that the presence of iron in asbestos accelerates the production of the hydroxy, radical in vitro. Interactions of these reactive oxygen species with particular cellular components and disruption of cell defense mechanisms still await further studies to elucidate the carcinogenic potential of asbestos fibers of different size and chemical composition. The distribution of inhaled pollutants and the magnitude of their eventual effects on the respiratory tract are determined by pollutant-independent physical factors such as anatomy of the respiratory tract and level and pattern of breathing, as well as by pollutant-specific phyco-chemical factors such as the reactivity, solubility, and diffusivity of the foreign gas in mucus, blood and tissue. Many of these individual factors determining dose can be quantified in vitro. However, mathematical models based on these factors should be validated for its integrity by using data from intact human lungs.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.51-60
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• 1998

The result of studying papers about management of lower back pain published in domestic and foreign nursing and medical magazines in these 10 years is as follows ; 1. General characteristic of lower back pain ; 1) In sex distribution, there were more men than women in 5 papers and more women than men in 4 papers among 9 papers surveryed. 2) In age distribution, thirties to forties of patients had more lower back pain as surveyed by general hospitals and fifties to sixties of patients had more lower back pain as surveyed by oriental medical hospitals. 3) In cause factor, there were 50 to 65% of sprain, 32 to 44% of herniated intervertebral disc and 13 to 29% of degenerative changes. 4) In symtom distribution, there were 26 to 57% of lower back pain, 42 to 65% of lower back pain with radiating pain and 34 to 99% of paravertevral muscle spasm. 5) In period of pain management distribution, 18 to 40% of patients experienced pain for less than 6 months and 59 to 82% of them experienced pain for more than 6 months in 3 papers among 4 papers. 6) In surveying the treatment, 66 to 88% of patients had conservative treatment and there were treatments of general hospital, oriental medicine, self remedy and traditional practice in conservative treatment. 7) In job distribution, 12 to 50% of them were housekeepers, 23 to 31% office workers, 4.6 to 36% blue color workers and 11 to 15% students. 2. As psychological character lower back pain paients had anxiety, depression, anger-hostility, phobic anxiety, neurasthenia, hypochondriasis, and interpersonal sensitivity. 3. To distinguish the cause of lower back pain, plain lumbar roentgenogram, straight leg rasing test, eletromyelogic findings, somatosensory evoked potentials CT and MRI were performed. 4. To relieve lower back pain. epidural adhesiolysis, epidulal injection of local anesthetic in mixture with steroid, lumbar spinal root block, low level laser therapy, acupuncture like transcutaneous nerve stimulation(AL TENS), topical capsaicin and lumbar orthotics were used in medical field, and relaxation technique was used in nursing field. 5. Mckenzie's extension exercise and William's flexsion exercise for lower back pain were used in medical field and Yoga exercise was applied in nursing field. 6. The more school education and self efficacy were high, the better they had active coping lower back pain positively and the less self efficacy was the more they had serious pain. As a result of studying the paper there have been very little research for lower back pain in nursing fields of Korea and foreign countries. Because 60 to 80% of population expeience lower back pain at least more than once, it is necessary to develop the study and clinical practice for management of lower back pain.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.461-469
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• 1998

Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THI) alkaloids can be considered as cyclized derivatives of simple phenylethy-lamines, and many of them, especially with 6,7-disubstitution, demonstrate relatively high affinity for catecholamines. Two -OH groups at 6 and 7 positions are supposed to be essential to exert ?${\beta}-receptor$ activities. However, it is not clear whether -OH at 6,7 substitution of THIs also shows ?${\alpha}-adrenoceptor$ activities. In the present study, we investigated whether -OH or $-OCH_3$ substitutions of 6,7 position of THIs differently affect the ?1-adrenoceptor affinity. We synthesized two 1-naphthylmethyl THI alkaloids, $1-{\beta}-naphthylmethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline$ HBr (YS 51) and $1-{\beta}-naphthylmethyl-6, 7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline$ HCl (YS 55), and their pharmacological actions on ?${\alpha}_1-adrenoceptor$ were compared. YS 51 and YS 55, concentration-dependently relaxed endothelium-denuded rat thoracic aorta precontracted with phenylephrine (PE, 0.1 ${\mu}M$) in which $pEC_{50}$ were $5.89{\pm}0.21$ and $5.93{\pm}0.19$, respectively. Propranolol (30 nM) did not affect the relaxation-response curves to YS 51 and YS 55. Concentration-response curves to PE were shifted to right by the pretreatment with YS 51 or YS 55. The $pA_2$ values of YS 51 and YS 55 showed $6.05{\pm}0.24$ and $5.88{\pm}0.16$, respectively. Both probes relaxed KCl (65.4 mM)-contracted aorta and inhibited $CaCl_2-induced$ contraction of PE-stimulated endothelium- denuded rat thoracic aorta in $Ca^{2+}-free$ solutions. In isolated guinea pig papillary muscle, 1 and 10 ${\mu}M$ YS 51 increased contractile force about 4- and 8- fold over the control, respectively, along with the concentration-dependent increment of cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ ions. While, 10 ${\mu}M$ YS 55 reduced the contractile force about 50 % over the control and lowered the cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ level, in rat brain homogenates, YS 51 and YS 55 displaced $[^3H]prazosin$ binding competitively with Ki 0.15 and 0.12 ${\mu}M$, respectively. However, both probes were ineffective on $[^3H]nitrendipine$ binding. Therefore, it is concluded that two synthetic naphthylmethyl-THI alkaloids have considerable affinity to ?1-adrenenoceptors in rat aorta and brain.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1994

코끼리 조개의 동결저장중 단백질조성 및 texture변화에 미치는 blanching의 영향에 대하여 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 생육에 있어서 근형질 단백질과 근원섬유 단백질은 급격한 감소현상을 보였으나 알카리가용성 단백질은 급격히 증가하였다. Blanching육에서는 근형질 단백질과 근원섬유 단백질은 완만하게 감소하였다. Blanching 시간에 있어서 2분간 처리한 시료가 관능검사에 의해 가장 texture가 우수하였는데 생육과 비교할 때 경도는 차이가 없었으나 탄성, 변형력 완화율은 낮은 값을 보였고 파괴신장율과 toughness은 높은 값을 나타내었다. 동결저장 중의 texture의 변화에 있어서 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 경도와 toughness은 생육과 blanching육 모두 증가하였으며 변형력 완화율은 저장초기 모두 급격히 감소되었다가 그 후로는 큰변화를 보이지 않았으며 파괴신장율은 생육의 경우 저장초기에 급속히 증가하였고 blanching육은 큰 변화가 없었다. 탄성에서는 생육은 점차적으로 감소하였고 blanching육은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.