• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.369-379
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to compare the initial effect of nerve mobilization (NM), static stretching (SS), and contract-relax (CR) techniques to find the best method in improving hamstring flexibility and gait function in patients with hemiplegia. Methods : Eleven patients with hemiplegia were included in this study. Passive knee extension (PKE) range of motion and the sit and reach (SR) test were used to measure hamstring flexibility, while timed up and go (TUG) and the 10m walking (10MW) test were used to measure the subject's gait. Measurements on each test were assessed prior to the experiment, immediately following the experiment, and 30 minutes after the experiment. Analysis of the results utilized a repeated measures analysis of variance to examine hamstring flexibility and the difference in walking ability. Results : The results suggest significant increases in NM, SS, and CR techniques as they relate to hamstring flexibility (p<.05) following (both immediate and 30 minutes post experiment) PKE range of motion and the SR test, but post-hoc showed no significant difference between the three techniques (p>.05). Additionally, the results suggest significant increases in NM, SS, and CR techniques as they relate to gait function (p<.05) following the TUG test, but found no significant difference in the 10MW test (p>.05). Post-hoc analysis between the three techniques suggests that only the NM technique significantly changed gait function. The time of TUG and 10MW test showed no significant difference between the three techniques before an experiment, just after an experiment, and 30 minutes following the experiment according to the measurement points in time (p>.05). Conclusion : This study suggests NM, SS, and CR techniques immediately improve hamstring length and flexibility while improving gait function in patients with hemiplegia.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.270-279
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• 1991

It has been well known that the integrity of airway epithelium is important in developing of bronchial hyperreactivity or bronchial asthma. But the mechanisms underlying this nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness are not yet determined. To evaluate the ability of guinea pig trachea to release an epithelium derived relaxing factor (EpDRF) which relax rat vascular smooth muscle, we performed the coaxial bioassay using guinea pig trachea and rat aorta. And to evaluate the nature of EpDRF we investigate the influence of methylene blue and indomethacin on the coaxial bioassay. Results were as follows. 1) Vascular smooth muscle mounted into the epithelium intact trachea which was precontracted with phenylephrine was relaxed by addition of histamine or acetylcholine. But vascular smooth muscle mounted into epithelium denuded trachea failed to be relaxed. 2) Epithelium dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle was not affected by pretreatment of methylene blue or indomethacin. These results strongly suggests that guinea pig tracheal epithelium releases EpDRF which is able to relax rat vascular smooth muscle. And EpDRF released by airway epithelium is not related to endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF) or cyclooxygenase products.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.3 s.33
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• pp.68-76
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• 1999

The welding residual stresses produced by the welding frequently caused a crack and promote stress corrosion etc. in HAZ(heat affected zone) contained with external load and weakness of material. Therefore, PWHT(post welding heat treatment) is widely used to reduce wekdubg residuss, to relax hardening of heat affected zone and to get rid of impurity. In this study, in order to define the effect on shappes of T-welded joint, during the post welding heat treatment, we have carried out numerical analyses on the several test pieces by using computer program which was based on thermal-elasto-plato-plasto-creep theories for the study. The main results obtained form this study is as follows: 1) The mechanical difference for change the thickness of plate and groove angle did not appear. 2) The distribution modes of welding residual stresses are same on the all test specimens during the post welding heat treatment. 3) In a mecharical point of view, minimum groove groove angle($40^{circ}$) is more suitable than maximum groove angle($60^{circ}$). 4) Therefore, it is appropriate to minimize the size of groove shape in strength and safety.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.143-174
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• 1997

The model applied in this paper is based on the theory of economic order quantity (EOQ). EOQ model is introduced to explain the improvement of the transaction efficiency through the cooperative purchase. We examine explicitly how horizontal cooperation affects vertical transactions. A result of the analysis is that a seller can prefer transacting with a cooperative rather than with each buyer separately, even if he reduces the selling price of the product. Without increasing the demand for the product, this result is that dealing with a cooperative, rather than separately with each buyer, decreases the transaction cost for the seller-buyers system, the cost reduction more than off-setting the effect of price decrease on the sellers profit. For a coopative consisting of any number of buyers, Pareto efficient ordering policies that maximize the joint cost saving for the seller-buyers system are identified. We then discuss the conditions under which a cooperative under consideration can be modified to increase efficiency gain. Next, we relax the assumption that all buyers participate in a single cooperative and examine the issue of how many cooperatives, each consisting of a subset of the buyers, should be formed to maximize the total cost saving for the seller-buyers system. Finally, the issue of shapley value to divide the cooperatives gain among its members is discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.04b
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• pp.65-68
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• 2002

The effect of low-temperature ZnO buffer layer has been investigated for the optical properties of ZnO thin films. ZnO buffers and thin films have been deposited using the pulsed laser deposition technique. ZnO buffer layers were grown at $200^{\circ}C$ with various thickness of 0 to 60 nm, followed by raising the substrate temperature to $400^{\circ}C$ to grow $2{\mu}m$ ZnO thin films. The buffer layers could relax stresses induced by the lattice mismatch and different thermal expansion coefficients between ZnO thin films and sapphire substrate. In order to identify the optical properties of ZnO thin films, PL measurement was used. From the results of PL measurement, all the fabricated ZnO thin films with buffer layers have shown intensive UV emission with a narrow linewidth. ZnO thin films with buffer layer of 20 nm have shown the strongest UV emission. It was found that the use of ZnO buffer layer plays an important role to improve the intensive UV emission of the ZnO thin films.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of passive stretching, active stretching, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(PNF) for hamstring flexibility. Methods : Fifty-two college students volunteered for this study. Subjects were randomly devided into three groups : passive stretching, active stretching, PNF. Range of knee extension was measured with the subjects in the 90-90 straight leg raising at before and 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks after intervention. Results : In ROM changes 1st week, 3 groups were significant difference(p<.05). In ROM changes 3rd week, PNF group was significant difference(p<.05). ROM changes 1st week were significantly decreased from ROM changes 2nd week and 3rd week in all 3 groups(p<.05). Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that PNF is more effective method on hamstring flexibility than passive stretching or active stretching.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.272-280
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• 1983

With respect to controversial opinions concerning the nitroglycerin effects on cardiac muscle the direct nitroglycerin actions were thoroughly studied in isolated papillary muscles, atrial preparations and coronary strips of rabbits. Isometric active tension of papillary muscles developed at $35^{\circ}C$ upon electric stimulation at a rate of 60/min, was not affected by nitroglycerin up to a concentration of 10mg/L Higher concentrations of nitroglycerin, however, reduced action tension progressively. This depression of mechanical activity is accompanied by a decrease in oxygen consumption as measured by means of a flow respirometer. Resting oxygen uptake, on the other hand, remained unchanged. Similarly active tension of spontaneously beating atrial preparations also declined at a nitroglycerin concentration of more than 10 mg/L, whereas the sinus frequency did not change up to 40 mg/L. In contrast, rabbit coronary strips are much more sensitive to nitroglycerin and relax in a range of 10-100 ug/L of nitroglycerin concentration. The results indicate that the pharmacologic effects of nitroglycerin in coronary disease are due to vascular actions, because the plasma levels of nitroglycerin attainable in human therapy are not sufficiently high to directly influence the myocardium.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1614-1618
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of joint mobilization and manual stretching exercises in patients with hallux valgus. Twenty-three participants were divided into two groups; joint mobilization (n=11) and manual stretching exercises (n=12). The subjects participated in the experiment for 15minutes, three times a week, four weeks. The joint mobilization (Grade III, Maitland) was performed to experimental group for a minute and then rested for 10 seconds for each set. The manual stretching was performed to control group with three exercise session (preparatory and finishing exercises, agonist contraction exercises, agonist contraction and hold-relax exercises). In the results of the study, intragroup comparison of the deformity angles (DA) was shown to decrease from $15.18^{\circ}$ to $13.09^{\circ}$ in the joint mobilization group (p<.05) and from $19.00^{\circ}$ to $16.83^{\circ}$ in the stretching exercises group (p<.05). However, left static foot pressure (LSFP), right static foot pressure (RSFP), left dynamic foot pressure (LDFP) and right dynamic foot pressure (RDFP) did not significantly increase or decrease after the experiment. Intergroup differences also were not statistically significant in all variables (p>.05). The current study suggests that JM and MSE are effective in decreasing the DA in patients with hallux valgus.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.51-60
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• 2014

This double-blind study, as a human experiment of nonlocality, investigated the effects of senders' intention on the central nervous system of a distant human receiver and it explored the roles that motivation might have in modulating these effects. Whole brain activity was measured in the receiver whom was asked to relax in a distant room for 16 minutes; the sending person directed intention of oneness toward the receiver during repeated variable-second epochs separated by variable-second non-intention epochs. The total length of intention epochs and that of nonintention epochs were balanced. Eighteen sessions were conducted. In 9 of those sessions, the sender was the receiver's lover. In another 9 of those sessions, the sender was just acquainted with the receiver before the session. The receiver's whole brain activity recorded during the intention epochs were compared with the same measures recorded during the nonintention epochs used as controls. The statistical difference between the intentions versus controls across 18 sessions was examined by paired-t test. In addition, subgroup analysis for the 9 couple sessions and 9 non-couple sessions were additionally examined by the same test. The effect of distant intentionality decreased slow waves or increased EEG fast waves mainly in frontal regions, and increased EEG coherence during the intention epochs. The effects was not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction, but the couple sessions combined showed the largest effect followed by all sessions combined. Non-couple sessions combined showed the smallest effect. The changes in EEG power mean that receiver participants became more alert during the intention epochs and the change in EEG coherence might be evidence of coherent heart influence on EEG activity. Planned comparison with specific hypothesis testing for the suggested changes in this study have to be followed for an evidence of electroencephalographic changes in isolated subjects for the distant mental intention.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.322-326
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• 2002

Artemisia iwayomogi has been used in Korea for many centuries as a treatment for anemia. The effect of Artemisia iwayomogi on tracheal smooth muscle is not known. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of Artemisia iwayomogi on histamine induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs(500g, male) were killed by CO₂ exposure and a segment (8-10mm) of the thoracic trachea from each rat and guinea pig was cut into equal segments and mounted ‘in pairs’ in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5g loading tension. The dose of histamine (His) which evoked 50% of maximal response (ED/sub 50/) was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for histamine (10/sup -7/～10/sup -4/M). Contractions evoked by His (ED/sub 50/) were inhibited significantly by Artemisia iwayomogi. In guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was 31.9% (p<0.05) after 100㎕/㎖ Artemisia iwayomogi. L-NNA slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Artemisia iwayomogi. Following treatment with L-NNA, the mean percent inhibition caused by 100㎕/㎖ Artemisia iwayomogi fell to 44.6% in guinea pig induced by histamine contraction. Propranolol, indomethacin and methylene blue did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Artemisia iwayomogi. These results indicate that Artemisia iwayomogi can relax histamine induced contraction of guinea pig, and that this inhibition related to nitric oxide formation.