• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.659-666
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• 2004

This study was conducted to assess objective and subjective meat quality traits for imported chilled beef with a high degree of marbling in longissimus muscle with reference to Hanwoo beef Muscle samples of four Wagyu, four Angus, four Hanwoo grade 1, and three Hanwoo grade 3 were purchased from a commercial beef market. The meats had intramuscular fat content of approximately 22, 8, 13 and 4%, and aged for 31, 71, 14 and 14 days, respectively. Imported beef showed a significantly(P<0.05) lower WB-shear force than Hanwoo. However, the instrument measurement did not reflect sensory tenderness and juiciness, which were similar between the four groups. On the other hand, Hanwoo beef showed significantly(P<0.05) favorable flavor intensity. This was likely an indication of more a desirable eating quality for Hanwoo beef, regardless of the level of intramuscular fat content. Discriminant functions of C18: 0, C18: In-7, C18: In-9, C20: 3n-6, C20 : 4n-6 and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids classified the domestic and foreign beef products at 100%, despite a noticeable difference between two groups existed only in C18:0. Principle component analysis indicated that subjective flavor intensity was negatively related to C18: 0 and C18: ln-7. The result indicated that C18: 0 could be a possible candidate fatty acid for difference in flavor intensity between two beef groups. The current study demonstrated that the domestic product was more acceptable for Korean consumers. However, it was not identified whether the result was associated with breed, feeding regime, or ageing time. Further studies are required for breed specification in terms of sensory characteristics and consumer preference.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 1991

Rough rice samples of Chucheongbyeo, Bongkwangbyeo and Hwaseongbyeo were collected by the National Agricultural Products Inspection Office. Drying methods of rough rice were sun drying and forced ventilation drying by an oven dryer and temperature of the oven dryer was set to 43, 60, 70, or 8$0^{\circ}C$. Moisture content of samples was reduced from ca. 20% to 15% at the end of drying, and additionally to 12.5 % for the drying at 8$0^{\circ}C$. Characteristics related to rice grain quality, milling recovery, ratio of broken and cracked rices, percentage of germination, and sensory scores of the cooked rices were evaluated. Yielding percentage of brown rice and polished rice remarkably decreased by drying at 8$0^{\circ}C$. Percentages of cracked rice and broken rice were within the criterion of the second grade government brown rice (20%) only in the sun dried and the rices dried at 43$^{\circ}C$, on the basis of damaged rice, opaque kernel rice and colored rice. Broken rice percentage of the polished rice was within the criterion for the standard of government rice (5%) in the sun dried and the rices dried at 43$^{\circ}C$. Germination percentage of rough rice was higher than 80% in sun drying and drying at 43$^{\circ}C$, but remarkably decreased by drying rice at 6$0^{\circ}C$ and over. Sensory palatability of the cooked rice decreased with increase in drying temperature. The present governmental method of judging rough rice on the basis of moisture content and appearance of the rough rice appears to be improved to include the ratio of broken and cracked rices.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 2010

Soybean sprouts produced at optimal temperature are placed or displayed for several days in market shelf of relatively cool temperature (ca. $13^{\circ}C$). During this period a number of changes occur including changes in color, smell, taste, nutritional quality, etc. In order to investigate the changes of these factors, soybean sprouts packed in plastic film bag (OPP+PE) were stored at the two different temperature ($3^{\circ}C$ and $13^{\circ}C$). Morphological characters, physicochemical changes and enzymes activity related to visible quality (color) of soybean sprouts were examined. The numbers of fine roots were greater and hypocotyls were longer in soybean sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$, although there was no significant difference in diameter, fresh weight and dry weight of hypocotyls between the two storage temperatures. Browning of hypocotyl, as an indicator of a typical deterioration in sprout quality, was highly dependent on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Considering the low level of soluble protein in hypocotyls, the relatively higher activity of PPO suggested a critical role of PPO in stored soybean sprouts. PPO activity of sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$ was 2-fold higher than that of sprouts stored at $3^{\circ}C$ after 4 days. In sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$, the PPO activity was increased from day 0 until 6 days and since then, it was not detected. Crude protein content was increased to 30.9~35.4% based on dry weight with extended storage period. The change in crude protein was greater in sprouts stored at high temperature ($13^{\circ}C$). Total free amino acid content was increased in both temperatures. However, the changing rate of free amino acid was greater in sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.131-150
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• 1991

The Weolseong diatreme was temporally and spatially related to the intrusion of the Gadaeri granite, and was -mineralized by meteoric aqueous fluids. In the Nokdong As-Zn deposit, pyrite, aresenopyrite and sphalerite are the most abundant sulfide minerals. They are associated with minor amount of magnetite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and cassiterite, and trace amounts of Pb-Sb-Bi-Ag sulphosalts. The AsZn ore probably occurred at about $350^{\circ}C$ according to fluid inclusion and compositional data estimated from the arsenic content of arsenopyrite and iron content of sphalerite intergrown with pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite + cubanite. Heating studies of fluid inclusions in quartz indicate a temperature range between 180 and $360^{\circ}C$, and freezing data indicate a salinity range from 0.8 to 4.1 eq.wt % NaCl. The coexisting assemblage pyrite + pyrrhotite + arsenopyrite suggests that $H_2S$ was the dominate reduced sulfur species, and defines fluid parameter thus: $10^{-34.5}$ < ${\alpha}_{S_2}$ < $10^{-33}$, $10^{-11}$ < $f_{S_2}$ < $10^{-8}$, -2.4 < ${\alpha}_{S_2}$ < -1.6 atm and pH= 5.2 (sericte stable) at $300^{\circ}C$. The sulfur isotope values ranged from 1.8 to 5.5% and indicate that the sulfur in the sulfides is of magmatic in origin. The carbon isotope values range from -7.8 to -11.6%, and the oxygen isotope values from the carbonates in mineralized wall rock range from 2 to 11.4%. The oxygen isotope compositions of water coexisting with calcite require an input of meteoric water. The geochemical data indicate that the ore-forming fluid probably was generated by a variety of mechanisms, including deep circulation of meteoric water driven by magmatic heat, with possible input of magniatic water and ore component.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.303-312
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• 1997

The massive, fractured and porous-type of glauconite, which is subdivided by surface morphology, occur in subtidal sand and semiconsolidated intertidal sand/mud from continental shelf of the southeastern Yellow Sea. This area is presumed to be a part of Holocene transgressive tidal systems tract. The glauconite, pellet-like grains with diameter of 0.1 to 1 mm, is scattered in surface sand sediments. Results of X-ray diffraction data of the minerals are monoclinic with $a=5.242{\AA}$, $b=9.059{\AA}$, $c=10.163{\AA}$, ${\beta}=100.5^{\circ}$, $V=474.53{\AA}^3$. Thermal treatments on the oriented glauconite increase the X-ray diffraction intensity near $10{\AA}$ (001), suggesting the presence of some expandable layers. Specific gravity of the glauconite is $2.60{\pm}0.45gm/cc$ on the basis of chemical composition and unit-cell dimensions. Based on $O_{10}(OH)_2$, chemical composition of glauconites, octahedral Fe content ranges from 1.19 to 2.06 atoms, corresponding octahedral AI is 0.18 to 0.76 atoms, which progressively substitute Fe for AI with increasing from porous to massive-type. The Mg content ranges from 0.35 to 0.54 atoms, and shows higher with increasing Al contents. A systematic increase of interlayer K from 0.34 to 0.71 is also observed with apparent increases from porous to massive-type, and related to a proportion of expandable layers. The clay preserved in glauconite, which is recognized as ordered/disordered (massive to fractured-type). The interstratified illite/smectite (porous-type), contains 7 to 27 % expandable layers. The glauconite seems to originate from post depositional authigenic growth in reducing environments promoted by the dissolution of clay minerals and biogenic debris.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.987-995
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• 2009

The effects of Kwamaegi on serum lipid profiles and ROS(reactive oxygen spices) generating and scavenging enzyme activities were investigated in rats. The three experimental groups were divided as follows: normal control diet group (NC), 5% naturally prepared and freeze-dried Kwamaegi supplemented diet group (NPK) and 5% chitosan-ascorbate treated and artificially dried (CWDD: Chilly Wind & Dehumidification Drier) Kwamaegi supplemented diets group (CAK). There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio or organs weights per body weight including liver, kidney, heart and spleen among the group. In addition, there were no significant differences in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol contents. The HDL-cholesterol contents of the NC, CAK and NPK groups were 62.00, 36.48 and 78.44 mg/dL while LDL-cholesterol contents were 62.00, 36.48 and 78.44 mg/dL, respectively, which were significantly different. The atherogenic indeces in the experimental groups were 0.62, 1.20 and 0.13, respectively. There were no significant differences in total XOD (xanthine oxidoreductase) activities; however XOD type O activity was higher in the NPK group than un the NC group and in the CAK group XOD type O activity was 21~45% lower compared to NC and NPK groups. SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity was significantly higher in the CAK group than in the NC and NPK groups, while there were no significantly differences in GST (glutathione S-transferrase) activity among the groups. Furthermore, serum ALT activity was higher in the NPK group versus the NC and CAK groups. GSH (glutathione) content was higher and LPO (lipid peroxide) content lower in the CAK group compared to the NC and NPK groups. Forem the above results, we suggest that CA treated and artificially dried Kwamaegi is not only a hygienic product but also has lowering effects on LDL-cholesterol and the atherogenic index together with the lowering of ROS-generating and increasing of ROS-scavenging enzyme activities compared to other natural products.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.614-618
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• 2003

$Sr_2Ru_{1-x}Cu_xO_{4-y}(0.0{\le}x{\le}0.5)$ compounds were prepared using a conventional solid state reaction. Based on the Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffraction results, it is revealed that $Sr_2Ru_{1-x}Cu_xO_{4-y}$ compounds are the single phases with K2NiF4 type tetragonal system in the range of 0=x=0.3, while the mixed phases of$Sr_2RuO_4$ and $Sr_2CuO_3$ in the range of $0.4{\le}x{\le}0.5$. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the valence states of Ru and Cu in $Sr_2Ru_{1-x}Cu_xO_{4-y}$, have been confirmed to 4+ and 2+, respectively. The bond length difference between $Ru-O_1 ({\times}4)\;and\;Ru-O_2 ({\times}2)\;in\;RuO_6$ octahedron is gradually decreased with increasing Cu content in $Sr_2Ru_{1-x}Cu_xO_{4-y}$, which results in the lower c/a ratio. So, it might be assured that the variation of local symmetry of $RuO_6$ octahedron is very closely related to the transporting property of $Sr_2Ru_{1-x}Cu_xO_{4-y}$ compounds. The behavior of resistivity discloses that the metallic property in $Sr_2RuO_4$ changes into the semiconducting one in proportion to the Cu content in $Sr_2Ru_{1-x}Cu_xO_{4-y}$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1147-1155
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• 2018

Agaricus blazei mycelial liquid culture extract (ABMLCE) promoted the production of testosterone (TS) in TM-3 mouse Leydig testis cells. Now, we report that ABMLCE containing eritadenine (EA) as a minor constituent (15.3 mg/100 g) reduced $5{\alpha}-reductase$ 2 ($5{\alpha}-R2$) enzyme activity and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) content which are key constituents for the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) inductions. RWPE-1 prostate cells were grown in a Keratinocyte serum-free medium (K-SFM) containing ABMLCE (0~50 ppm), EA (0~10 ppm,), and finasteride (FS $10{\mu}M$: a positive control) in a 24-well plate for 24 hr. Supernatants collected from cell-cultured media were used for the assay of $5{\alpha}-R2$, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme activities, and for TS, DHT, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) contents by their assay kits. The $5{\alpha}-R2$ activity and DHT content were proportionally reduced (p<0.05) to concentrations of ABMLCE. The SOD and CAT enzyme activities were significantly (p<0.05) elevated concomitant with ABMLCE concentrations, while COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}$ showed reverse results (p<0.05). Similarly, the effects of EA were similar to those of ABMLCE. Efficacies of ABMLCE 50 ppm and EA 10 ppm in $5{\alpha}-R2$ and DHT reduction were similar to those of $10{\mu}M$ FS. These results suggest that ABMLCE and EA reduced $5{\alpha}-R2$ and DHT through their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative actions. This implies that ABMLCE containing EA could be a beneficial material in the cure of BPH in humans.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2016

This study investigated the changes in chemical components, antioxidant compounds, and activity before (BG) and after germinated (AG) brown rice in order to promote the availability of these beneficial factors. The GABA content of BG and AG brown rice were 0.07~6.61 and 11.13~49.72 mg/100 g, respectively. The ${\alpha}$-amylase activity of AG brown rice was 1.77~70.25 unit/g fold higher than it was in BG brown rice. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, which are known to be related to antioxidation, were higher in BG brown rice than in AG brown rice. The total polyphenol contents of BG and AG brown rice were 10.52~36.38 and 11.38~26.33 mg/100 g, and the total flavonoid contents were 3.55~13.39 and 3.52~9.78 mg/100 g, respectively. Also, DPPH radical scavenging activity was 57.64~251.34 and 50.49~213.35 mg TE/100 g, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity and total tannin content showed a similar trend to DPPH radical scavenging activity. We expect that this data will be useful in the manufacturing of food products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2002

Study was performed to know the effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer hairy root due to $^{60}$ Co ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation. We irradiated the hairy roots under the various $^{60}$ Co ${\gamma}$-ray; 0.5~4 Krad. The growth of hairy roots is inhibited over 3 Krad treatment. The lateral roots are used as a cell line after removing the apical meristem of hairy roots irradiated below 2 Krad. We selected 206 hairy root cell lines having various different growth rates and forms, and incubated in the 1/2 Murashige & Skoog(MS) medium in the absence of hormone. We selected 10 out of 206 showing superior growth. Among those, ${\gamma}$-GHR 70 and ${\gamma}$-GHR 94 showed higher growth; 34.5, 44.7%, respectively. We observed shapable, sizable characteristics according to the width of the primary roots, the process formation of the lateral roots, and the growth of lateral roots. The discriminable cell line showed that primary root is thinner, and has a vigorous growth. 8 out of 10 had much more contents than control in the aspect of the ginsenoside. ${\gamma}$-GHR 59 and ${\gamma}$-GHR 94 showed higher contents; 19, 16.9%, respectively. Therefore, we selected ${\gamma}$-GHR 70, ${\gamma}$-GHR 94 as a superior cell line in the aspect of ginsenoside contents, and growth among those irradiated by ${\gamma}$-ray. According to content of ginsenoside, Rb$_2$ effective in anticancer has 7.5% of ${\gamma}$-GHR 59. Rc, also effective in anticancer showed 16.2% content increasement of ${\gamma}$-GHR 69. It is thought that those lines will be effective in manufacturing ginsenoside. Gene analysis (VNTRP) related to the mutation is in progress.