• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.699-718
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• 2015

The effect of reinforcing concrete members with high strength steel bars with yield strength up to 600 MPa on the overall seismic behavior of concrete moment frames was studied experimentally and numerically. Three geometrically identical plane frame models with two bays and two stories, where one frame model was reinforced with hot rolled bars (HRB) with a nominal yield strength of 335 MPa and the other two by high strength steel bars with a nominal yield strength of 600 MPa, were tested under simulated earthquake action considering different axial load ratios to investigate the hysteretic behavior, ductility, strength and stiffness degradation, energy dissipation and plastic deformation characteristics. Test results indicate that utilizing high strength reinforcement can improve the structural resilience, reduce residual deformation and achieve favorable distribution pattern of plastic hinges on beams and columns. The frame models reinforced with normal and high strength steel bars have comparable overall deformation capacity. Compared with the frame model subjected to a low axial load ratio, the ones under a higher axial load ratio exhibit more plump hysteretic loops. The proved reliable finite element analysis software DIANA was used for the numerical simulation of the tests. The analytical results agree well with the experimental results.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.939-952
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• 2015

In this paper, brake pad performance of two organic matrix composites namely, Sample 1 (contains no brass filler) and Sample 2 (contains 1.5% brass filler), is studied based on tribological and squeal noise behavior. In the first stage, a pin-on-disc tribometer is used to evaluate the frictional behavior of the two pads. On the following stage, these pads are tested on squeal noise occurrence using a drag-type brake dynamometer. From the two type of tests, the results show that; (i) brass fillers play a dual role; firstly as reinforcing element of the brake pad providing primary contact sites, and secondly as solid lubricant by contributing to the formation of a layer of granular material providing velocity accommodation between the pad and the disc; (ii) brass fillers contribute to friction force stabilization and smooth sliding behavior; (iii) the presence of small weight quantity of brass filler strongly contributes to squeal occurrences; (iv) there is close correlation between pin-on-disc tribometer and brake dynamometer tests in terms of tribological aspect.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.179-183
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• 2007

The corrosion behavior of metal covered with mortar under a wet-dry cyclic condition were investigated to apply for the measurement of corrosion rates of reinforcing steel in concrete structure. The carbon steel in mortar having t=3 mm cover thickness was exposed to the alternate condition of 6 h immersion in chloride containing solution and 18 h drying at $25^{\circ}C$ and 50%RH. The electrochemical phenomena of a carbon steel and mortar interface was explained by an equivalent circuit consisting of a solution resistance, a charge transfer resistance and a CPE(Constant Phase Element). The corrosion rates were monitored continuously during exposure using an AC impedance technique. Simultaneously, the current distribution over the working electrode during impedance measurement was analyzed from the phase shift, $\theta$, in an intermediate frequency. The result showed that corrosion rate monitoring using an AC impedance method is suitable under the given exposure conditions even during the drying period when the metal is covered with the wetted mortar.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.85-98
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• 1993

본 논문에서는 재료의 시간의존적 특성에 의한 영향을 고려하며, 재료의 비선형성은 물론 기하학적 비선형성도 고려하여 평면PC사장교의 축방향력과 휨에 의한 극한거동을 해석할 수 있는 비선형 해석방법을 제시했다. 재료의 시간의존적 특성으로는 콘크리트의 크리프, 건조수축과 강도증가, PC 강재와 케이블의 이완을 고려했고 재료의 비선형성으로는 콘크리트의 인장균열과 콘크리트, 철근, PC 강재와 케이블의 비선형 응력-변형도 관계를 고려하고 하중반전에 의한 영향도 고려했다. 기하학적 비선형성으로는 케이블의 색, 구조물의 대변위에 의한 비선형 변위-변형도 관계 및 변형에 따른 구조물의 형상변화를 고려했다. 일반적 형태의 PC 사장교의 해석에 적용하여 PC 사장교의 극한거동 및 재료의 시간의존적 특성이 극한거동에 끼치는 영향을 검토했다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.295-312
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• 2001

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new type of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) beam-column joints and to examine the structural performance of the proposed joints, which simplify the construction procedure of steel fabrication, welding works, concrete casting and joint strengthening. In the proposed beam-column joints, the steel element of columns forms continuously built-in crossing of H-sections (${\Box}$), with adjacent flanges of column being connected by horizontal stiffeners in a joint at the level of the beam flanges. In addition, simplified lateral reinforcement (${\Box}$) is adopted in a joint to confine the longitudinal reinforcing bars in columns. Experimental and analytical studies have been carried out to estimate the structural performance of the proposed joints. Twelve cruciform specimens and seven SRC beam-column subassemblage specimens were prepared and tested. The following can be concluded from this study: (1) SRC subassemblages with the proposed beam-column joints show adequate seismic performances which are superior to the demand of the current code; (2) The yield and ultimate strength capacities of the beam-to-column connections can be estimated by analysis based on the yield line theory; (3) The skeleton curves and the ultimate shear capacities of the beam-column joint panel are predicted with a fair degree of accuracy by considering a simple stress transfer mechanism.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2009

In 2006, Jeju Island in South Korea experienced a crisis, no electricity for three hours anywhere in the entire island. This incident was caused by a domino effect that occurred after one of the submarine power cables connecting the island to Haenam, a coastal city on the mainland, was damaged by an external load, probably from a ship anchor or a steel pile being used in marine farming. This study presents a collision analysis of a new submarine power cable protector called arch type reinforced concrete. For the analysis, a dynamic finite element program, ANSYS AUTODYN, was used to examine the displacement and stress of the submarine power cable protector using different material models (RHT concrete model, Mohr.Coulomb concrete model). In addition, two reinforcing bar spacings, 75 mm and 150 mm, were considered. From the analyses, the effects of the parameters (concrete model and spacing) on the results (displacement and stress) were analyzed, and the relations between the damage and parameters were found.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.267-282
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• 2005

This work describes ongoing development of an embedded sensor system for the early detection and prevention of deterioration of reinforcing steel tendons within reinforced concrete. These devices will evaluate the condition of the steel tendon using ultrasonic techniques and then wirelessly transmit this data to the outside world without human intervention. The ultrasonic transducers and the interpretation of the sensed signals that allow detection and prognosis of tendon condition are detailed. Electrical characterization of concrete mixtures used in bridge construction is conducted and a wideband microstrip antenna is designed and fabricated to operate between 2.4 and 2.5 GHz when embedded in such a medium. Simulations and measurements of the embedded antenna element are presented. Transceiver selection and implementation are discussed as well as future work in operational protocols, sensor networking, and power sources. By implementing commercially available off-the-shelf components whenever possible, these devices have the potential to save millions of dollars a year in evaluation, repair and replacement of reinforced concrete.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.931-947
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• 2016

The effects of nanotechnology and smartness on the buckling reduction of pipes are the main contributions of present work. For this ends, the pipe is simulated with classical piezoelectric polymeric cylindrical shell reinforced by armchair double walled boron nitride nanotubes (DWBNNTs), The structure is subjected to combined electro-thermo-mechanical loads. The surrounding elastic foundation is modeled with a novel model namely as orthotropic nonhomogeneous Pasternak medium. Using representative volume element (RVE) based on micromechanical modeling, mechanical, electrical and thermal characteristics of the equivalent composite are determined. Employing nonlinear strains-displacements and stress-strain relations as well as the charge equation for coupling of electrical and mechanical fields, the governing equations are derived based on Hamilton's principal. Based on differential quadrature method (DQM), the buckling load of pipe is calculated. The influences of electrical and thermal loads, geometrical parameters of shell, elastic foundation, orientation angle and volume percent of DWBNNTs in polymer are investigated on the buckling of pipe. Results showed that the generated ${\Phi}$ improved sensor and actuator applications in several process industries, because it increases the stability of structure. Furthermore, using nanotechnology in reinforcing the pipe, the buckling load of structure increases.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.383-397
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• 2013

Two-dimensional tensile stresses are occurring at the back of the anchorage of the tendons of prestressed concrete bridges. A new method named "tensile stress region" for the design of the reinforcement is presented in this paper. The basic idea of this approach is the division of an anchor block into several slices, which are described by the tensile stress region. The orthogonal reinforcing wire mesh can be designed in each slice to resist the tensile stresses. Additionally the sum of the depth of every slice defined by the tensile stress region is used to control the required length of the longitudinal reinforcement bars. An example for the reinforcement design of an anchorage block of an external prestressed concrete bridge is analyzed by means of the new presented method and a finite element model is established to compare the results. Furthermore the influence of the transverse and vertical prestressing on the ordinary reinforcement design is taken into account. The results show that the amount of reinforcement bars at the anchorage block is influenced by the layout of the transverse and the vertical prestressing tendons. Using the "tensile stress region" method, the ordinary reinforcement bars can be designed more precisely compared to the design codes, and arranged according to the stress state in every slice.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 복합굴절차의 강도 해석을 통한 구조적 안정성을 평가하고자 한다. 3D CAD 데이터, 사용 재질에 대한 물성값, 하중 조건 및 경계조건을 바탕으로, 범용 구조 해석 프로그램인 Nastran을 활용하여 복합굴절차에 대한 정적 구조 해석을 실시하였다. 하부 프레임(Sub frame, Out-trigger, Chassis frame)에 대한 구조해석을 수행하기 위해, 각 Out-trigger가 최대 하중을 받는 4가지 경우를 산정하였다. 이러한 해석된 결과를 통하여 국부적으로 강도가 부족한 위치를 특정지어, 보다 안전한 설계에 도움이 되도록 하였다.