• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.242-248
• /
• 2013

In the Northeast of Brazil, expansion of guava crops has been impaired by Meloidogyne enterolobii that causes root galls, leaf fall and plant death. Considering the fact that arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) improve plant growth giving protection against damages by plant pathogens, this work was carried out to select AMF efficient to increase production of guava seedlings and their tolerance to M. enterolobii. Seedlings of guava were inoculated with 200 spores of Gigaspora albida, Glomus etunicatum or Acaulospora longula and 55 days later with 4,000 eggs of M. enterolobii. The interactions between the AMF and M. enterolobii were assessed by measuring leaf number, aerial dry biomass, $CO_2$ evolution and arbuscular and total mycorrhizal colonization. In general, plant growth was improved by the treatments with A. longula or with G. albida. The presence of the nematode decreased arbuscular colonization and increased general enzymatic activity. Higher dehydrogenase activity occurred with the A. longula treatment and $CO_2$ evolution was higher in the control with the nematode. More spores and higher production of glomalin-related soil proteins were observed in the treatment with G. albida. The numbers of galls, egg masses and eggs were reduced in the presence of A. longula. Inoculation with this fungus benefitted plant growth and decreased nematode reproduction.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.92-100
• /
• 2012

Objectives: The French National Occupational Diseases Surveillance and Prevention Network (RNV3P) is a French network of occupational disease specialists, which collects, in standardised coded reports, all cases where a physician of any specialty, referred a patient to a university occupational disease centre, to establish the relation between the disease observed and occupational exposures, independently of statutory considerations related to compensation. The objective is to compare the relevance of disproportionality measures, widely used in pharmacovigilance, for the detection of potentially new disease ${\times}$ exposure associations in RNV3P database (by analogy with the detection of potentially new health event ${\times}$ drug associations in the spontaneous reporting databases from pharmacovigilance). Methods: 2001-2009 data from RNV3P are used (81,132 observations leading to 11,627 disease ${\times}$ exposure associations). The structure of RNV3P database is compared with the ones of pharmacovigilance databases. Seven disproportionality metrics are tested and their results, notably in terms of ranking the disease ${\times}$ exposure associations, are compared. Results: RNV3P and pharmacovigilance databases showed similar structure. Frequentist methods (proportional reporting ratio [PRR], reporting odds ratio [ROR]) and a Bayesian one (known as BCPNN for "Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network") show a rather similar behaviour on our data, conversely to other methods (as Poisson). Finally the PRR method was chosen, because more complex methods did not show a greater value with the RNV3P data. Accordingly, a procedure for detecting signals with PRR method, automatic triage for exclusion of associations already known, and then investigating these signals is suggested. Conclusion: This procedure may be seen as a first step of hypothesis generation before launching epidemiological and/or experimental studies.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
• /
• no.49
• /
• pp.393-430
• /
• 2012

In this paper, Bowen's family therapy from the perspective of the theory, narrative analysis of Korean novels, three Regis - tration Subsection.Bowen's description of the individual's behavior is causing problems within the family of anxiety and self-differentiation using two variables. The home if problems or conflicts expressed in these works, the figures showed that the undifferentiated ego at the center of the problem. Undifferentiated ego character felt extreme anxiety when their alienation from the relationship of the family-oriented jeokjangja Undifferentiated ego to relieve anxiety and to consolidate their position in the family relationship, so people were strongly united with each other. Sohyunseongnok, Chossisamdaerok series structures and patterns of a series of domestic problems occur, "mother and son, self-differentiation self undifferentiated undifferentiated ego and self-differentiation mother son, mother and self-ego undifferentiated undifferentiatedcan be subdivided into the son '.Established a symbiotic relationship between them and the U.S. established the presence of a pattern, healer, depending on the deployment method depends narrative. And is divided accordingly, self-determination and to the Son, a son, a son to be born again through repentance of the execution. Depending on the presence or absence healer than what was described on the deployment structure differs. Undifferentiated ego and self undifferentiated mother son family therapist within the family, the problem is solved. Son, a son to repent and be born again, and that caused the problem. Ego Undifferentiated mother and son self-differentiation, undifferentiated ego and self-differentiation mother son home my healer in the absence son committed suicide and executions each tragedy occurred. Personal level, but occurred at home conflicts or problems about this when analyzing the Three-generation stories of the Joseon Dynasty, by applying the theory of Bowen's Family Therapy view dimension in the relationship between family were. Toughness or desire of any one individual, but serious conflicts and problems within the family, the institution of the family itself is the root cause was. And was able to reveal aspects of narrative flow, depending on the presence or absence of family therapists vary significantly depending on his role in the rest of the family comfort and peace determines whether the Three-generation stories of the Joseon Dynasty, received an important narrative of men and axis formation. In a gauze-like situation of this problem in the Three-generation stories of the Joseon Dynasty, a personal desire or toughness in confined without the dimension of the entire family. And extrinsic psychological approach against the background of the wall in the main narrative of the sufferings of women of Korean novels, approached significance.