• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.741-753
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• 2003

This study begins with paying attention to the agglomeration of 'Residential-Commercial Mixed Use Buildings(hereafter, R-C MU Buildings)', which tend to be a high grade and large sized building cluster at various neighboring areas in Seoul. The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between emerging new housing type and residential area by analyzing the characteristics of residential neighborhood that is mainly created by R-C MU Buildings. For this purpose, the specialization and the regional characteristics(in connection with the hierarchy in urban spatial structure) of R-C MU Building's residential neighborhood were analyzed. In the end, the specific type of housing reveals the tendency to be differentiated in terms of income, education and occupation related with housing and residential area. And the residential characteristics also seem to be different according to the regions based on the central place hierarchical structure. It means that the social and class factors are important in choosing house, but the characteristics of the neighborhood area play an important role in the selection of resident area. Finally, the location of certain type of housing can influence the selecting process of residence and it can also determine the characteristics of the resident area in turn.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-44
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• 2003

It is the Third Italy's industrial districts that is emerging as effective strategies for regional economic development since 1970' s. Compared with mass production system, it's production system is characterized the cooperative networks of a number of enterprise specialized in specific sector or process. This work will analysis the course of growth and industrial characteristics of Modena engineering industrial district and Mirandola bio-industrial district as the exemplary industrial district, so elucidate new principle of building industrial space named development of industrial districts. This work point out three characteristics which these industrial districts have. First, these districts have the production system based vertical dis-integration and specialization among enterprise like general industrial districts in Third Italy. This factor make Modena and Mirandola's production system coupled with specialized enterprise in coping with various demand of consumer. Second, technological innovation is very important factor in growing industrial districts. This factor contributes these two districts to have developed as the competitive industrial clusters in the world. Last point is the difference of local governance by the two city governments. Modena city government has made a lot of industrial spaces but in Mirandola the leading enterprise has contributed to shape the industrial district.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.114-127
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• 2016

The competition among nations has been extended to competition between localities, and the importance of knowledge activities in local areas is being emphasized. To contribute to the nurturing of highly qualified professionals and the development of local industry, the Korean government established the S&T-centric research universities including KAIST in 5 local areas. These S&T-centric research universities are top notch research centers and educational environments in Korea. However, it has been pointed out that their ability to act as local innovation hubs is limited. Accordingly, this study conducted an empirical analysis on the outcomes of the S&T-centric research universities by dividing them into two categories, Mode 1 and Mode 2, and comparing them with those of other general universities. It was found that the outcomes of the S&T-centric universities were higher in Mode 1, but lower in Mode 2, than those of the general universities. Furthermore, the S&T-centric universities are not connected very much to the region's specialized industries. It was difficult to find any evidence that the S&T-centric universities differ from the other universities in terms of their outcomes or activities as they were initially envisaged.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.70
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• pp.159-179
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• 2016

Companies do not be resolved by the FTA services of external aid should be operational by assigning dedicated personnel inside the company. FTA is a choice, not an essential trade agreement requirements. If the exporter contracts to provide a certificate of origin in trade agreements, it shall issue a certificate of origin of goods originating management is performed. When considering the future trend of spreading wide FTA, it should be extended to one year to take advantage of the FTA Certificate of Origin environments utilizing a comprehensive environment for regional countries that require proof of origin between certain countries, such as current. FTA utilization of the future is to utilize the GVC(Global Value Chain) efficiently. In other words, the expansion of the consumer market and take advantage of an efficient production base across borders. These environmental changes are needed development of the FTA utilization promotion and FTA experts. The experts studying how to procure raw materials or intermediate goods exports in a variety of regional foreign countries, to meet the rules of origin is required for a successful FTA utilization. One of the objectives of Origin managers are qualified experts in the country of origin can take advantage of the FTA plan. Therefore, managers of origin shall collect their ability to expand the understanding and information about the industry as an international business perspective beyond the Certificate of Origin. In addition, it should be in their best learning expertise for the introduction and development of country of origin control system in an effort to effectively perform its international FTA utilization. Once the FTA is more widespread in the future and build a common origin information it must not be disconnected until the export enterprises from terminal manufacturers systematically. Therefore origin management is preferred by expanding the knowledge base of teaching and learning in the common sense to the universal subject of specialization from professional schools to promote the relevant departments so that they can be opened in a college or university. An FTA hub linking East and West, also need the confidence that in order to become a center of Glabal Supply Chain Using an FTA Certificate of Origin and stable environment for importers to import products from the country offers. Certificate of Origin and all of them thoroughly exporters and companies related to the administration of origin and should create an atmosphere that can effectively respond to the origin verification. Korea shall endeavor to elicit a geopolitical value (FTA Hub), as well as securing a competitive advantage in the global industry leverage, trading at a reasonable price competitive products thereby enhancing production and economic growth through the FTA.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-56
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• 1995

During the last two decades, Korea has achieved remarkable economic growth. In this process the nation has become urbanized and industrialized. But we have also encountered widening regional disparity, housing shortage of larger cities, transportation congestion, environmental pollution and many other problems. Rapid increasing urbanization and continuous migration toward Seoul since the late 1960s have been one of the major concerns of government. Government has sought ways to moderate the population increase in Seoul. The regulation which include new town development near Seoul and dispersion strategies of higher education and other administration and living facilities outside of Seoul havemade a great expansion of the spatial influence of Seoul city. Seoul metropolitan reaion has evolved as the most powerful center of political and economical spaces. Generally within a metropolitan region, there exists a growing mutual interdependence economically, as well as socially between a central city and its surrounding area. Seoul metropolitan region manifests itself not only as a coherent system of urbanized regions, but also as an integral part of the daily urban system. The surrounding Gyunggi province and Seoul city become closely linked both economically and functionally, constituting true functlonai urban system. This study is primarily undertaken with the purpose of delineation of the sphere of influence of Seoul city in 1990. At the time of 1985, Seoul metropolitan region was delineated according to the result of the study which was performed by Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements. Afterward, the rapid speed of metropolitanization process with dramatic increase in mobility through the provision of wider transportation system across the Capital region have evolved, resulting in the great expansion of the spatial influence of Seoul city. So this study examines the expanded area of Seoul metropolitan regin during the period of 1985-90. In order to delineate Seoul metropolitan region, the indices of urbanization and functional linkage are selected. Variables included in the measurement of the urbanization level are agricultural structure, population characteristics, manufacturing and service industries, and cultural aspects such as newspaper circulation, the ratio of car ownership and piped water supply. Variables included in the measurement of functional linkage are commuting, shopping pattern, centralized service such as medical facilities and trade of agricultural products. The standardization method and factor analysis are employed in making the delineation of Seoul metropolitan region. According to the result of this study, 2 cities, 8 Eups and 46 Myuns are included Seoul metropolitan region in 1990. If we compare this delineated area in 1990 to that of 1985, we can find the distinctive pattern of expanded axes according to the main transportation routes such as Seoul-Suweon, Seoul-Gwangju, Seoul-Incheon. In 199O, all the Gyunggi province, except a few Myuns located at the north and northwest part of Gyunggi province, are included in Seoul metropolitan region. Furthermore, this study attempts to the analysis of regional structure of Seoul metropolitan region according to the functional characteristics of each city and Gun. Variables included in this analysis are the new residential function, manufacturing function, service function, education and infermation function, public facility function and agricultural function. Factor analysis and cluster analysis are employed in making regionalization. Seoul metropolitan reaion is subdivided into four subregions which reflect different functional specialization. The first group is the specialized region of newly formed residential function. The second group is the specialized reaion of manufacturing function. The third group is the specialized region of service function. And the fourth group has little specialized in terms of manufacturing, service, and residential function. But this region has some potentiality of development when Seoul metropolitan region grow continuously. Seoul metropolitan region accounted for 43% of national population, despite 11.8% of national land size in 1990. Although Seoul metropolitan region enjoys important agglomeration economies, it also has huge social cost in the form of transportation congestion, housing shortage, rapid increase of land value, environment pollution, and etc. Efficient metropolitan plan making is a vital element in promoting Seoul's economic development and providing high quality living environment at low cost. In the light of the result of this study, the outer ring of Seoul metropolitan region, especially northeastern part, are underdeveloped compared to overdeveloped southwestern area. It is needed to develop the guidelines for the implement of the growth control and management plan, inducing more balanced development for whole Seoul metropolitan reaion.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.55-92
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• 2010

In terms of labor market accomplishments, such as income, size of the company, and the matching quality between one's job and college major (specialization), a very large discrepancy is observed between the graduates from colleges located in Seoul and those outside Seoul. But, when the department average score of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) at the time of college entrance is controlled for, the discrepancy is found to be reduced to a considerable degree. In the case of wage gap, at least two third can be explained by the SAT score gap. The remaining wage gap seems to reflect the characteristics of workplace. In other words, graduates with high SAT scores enter colleges located in Seoul and thus tend to find better jobs leading to earning differences. This result that confirms the importance of aptitude test scores suggests that in the labor market, one of the major reasons behind a lower accomplishment of the graduate from local colleges is due to a lower competitiveness of local colleges in attracting the brightest students. But, this should not be viewed as only an internal problem of local colleges. This is because the growth of local economies tends to haul the advancement of local colleges in that area rather than being the other way around. The agglomeration effect in Seoul where headquarters of large corporations and financial institutions gather is the factor that has elevated the status of colleges located in Seoul since this provides highly preferred job choices of graduates. When the competitiveness of college is significantly influenced by exogenous factors, such as the vicinity to Seoul, the effort being made by colleges alone would not be enough to improve the situation. However, the central government, too, is not in the position to carry out countermeasure policies for such problems. The regional development strategy boosted through supportive policies for local colleges, such as financial support, is not based on the persuasive and empirical grounds. It is true that college education is universal and that the government''s intervention in assisting local colleges to secure basic conditions, such as tenure faculty and adequate facilities is necessary. However, the way of intervention should not be a support-only type. In order to improve the efficiency and effect of financial support, restructuring programs, including the merger and integration of insolvent colleges, should be underway prior to providing support. In addition, when the policy is focused on education recipients-local college students, and not on education providers-local colleges, the importance of regional gap in compulsory education (elementary and junior high schools) turns out to be much important as the gap between metropolitan area colleges and local colleges. Considering the educational gap before college entrance shown from the discrepancies of aptitude test scores among different regions, the imbalance between regions in terms of human resources is apparently derived from compulsory education, and not from college education. Therefore, there is a need to double the policy efforts to reduce the educational gap among different regions. In addition, given the current situation where it is difficult to find appropriate ex post facto policy measures to solve the problem of income gap between the graduates from metropolitan colleges and local colleges, it can be said that improving the environment for compulsory education in local areas is a growing necessity for bridging the educational gap among different regions.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.83-121
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• 2004

This study was carried out to examine how solid the production foundation of rice in Chung-Nam Province is, and, if not, to probe alternative measures through the size of farms specializing in rice, of which direction would be a pivot of rice industry-oriented policy. The results obtained can be summarized as follows : 1. The amount of rice production in Chung-Nam Province is highest in Korea and the size of paddy field area is the second largest : This implying that the probability that rice production in Chung-Nam Province would be severely influenced by a global trend of market conditions. The number of farms specializing in rice becoming the core group of rice farming account for 7.7 percent of the total number of farm household in Korea. Average field area financial support which had been input to farm household by Government had a noticeable effect on the improvement of the policy of farm-size program. 2. Farm-size program in Chung-Nam Province established from 1980 to 2002 in creased the cultivation size of paddy field to 19,484 hectares, and this program enhanced the buying and selling of farmland and the number of farmland bargain reached 6,431 household and 16,517 hectares, respectively, in 1995-2002. Meanwhile, long-term letting and hiring of farmland appeared so active that the bargain acreage reached 6,970 hectares, and farm involved was 7,059 households, however, the farm-exchange-and-unity program did not satisfy our expectation, because the retirement farm operators reluctantly participated to sell their farms. Another reason that had delayed the bargain of farms rested on the general category of social complication attendant upon the exchange and unity operation for scattered farm. Such difficulties would work negative effects out to carry on the target of farm-size work in general. 3. The following measures were presented to propel the farm-size promotion program : a. Occupation shift project, followed by the social security program for retirement and elderly farm operators, should be promptly established and also a number of types of incentives for promoting the letting and hiring work and farm-exchange-and-unity program would also be set up. b. To establish the effective key system of rice production, all the farm operators should increase the unit area yield of rice and lower the production cost. To do so, a great deal of production teams of rice equipped with managerial techniques and capabilities need to be organized. And, also, there should be appropriate arrays of facilities including information system. This plan is desirable to be in line with a diversity of the structural implement of regional integration based on farm system building. c. To extend the size of farm and to improve farm management, we have to devise the enlargement of individual size of farm for maximized management and the utilization of farm-size grouping method. In conclusion, it can be said that the farm-size project in Chung-Nam Province which has continued since the 1980s was satisfactorily achieved. However, we still have a lot of problems to be solved to break down the barrier for attainment of the desirable farm-size operation work.. Farm-size project has fairly close relation with farm specialization in rice and, thus, the positive support for farm household including the integrated program for both retirement farmers and off-farm operators should be considered to pursue the progressive development of the farm-size program, which is key means to successful achievement of rice farming enforcement in Chung-Nam Province.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.457-467
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• 2020

Legumes are one of the largest families of crop plants and are widely consumed and produced for their nutritional and commercial benefits. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is a legume crop that contains various functional compounds ; moreover, it has strong antioxidant properties and is becoming an increasingly important food crop. However, most previous studies on mung beans have focused on their primary metabolites. In this study, we investigated the composition and contents of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, soyasapogenol and tocopherol in mung beans cultivated in different regions and cultivated at different seeding dates. Material analysis was conducted using the following methods: LC-MS/MS, GC-FID and HPLC-ELSD. In total, 57 different samples were analyzed. Thirteen phenolic compounds were detected in mung beans. Of these, vitexin and isovitexin were the most abundant compounds, accounting for approximately 99% of phenolic compounds. The difference in phenol compounds according to the seeding dates of mung bean was not statistically significant. The total fatty acid content in beans was the highest in Pyeongchang. Significant differences in total fatty acid content were found according to the cultivation regions. Crops grown in Sohyeon and Dahyeon showed the highest soyasapogenol B content in the Suwon region, and these were the lowest in Jeonju. The total tocopherol content of beans cultivated in Dahyeon and Sohyeon was the lowest and highest in Pyeongchang. Soyasapogenol B and total tocopherol content were not significantly different according to seeding dates. This study was conducted to obtain basic data for the cultivation of mung beans with a high content of various functional materials in terms of regional specialization and optimal seeding time.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.34
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• pp.185-207
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• 2013

Nowadays, national criminal policy focuses on "specialization", "advancement", and "choice and concentration" to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of public peace services. Consequently, the space that a nation manages diminishes and there appears vacant space of security. For that reason, in most developed countries including South Korea, there has been a significant expansion in the size and role of Private Security(PS). From this point of view, the Japanese government has adopted the PFI(Private Finance Initiative) system in private prisons. These cases clearly show the role and significance of "PS". By applying know-how of the private sector, these PFI prisons make efficient use of installation by the united efforts of government and people. Criteria such as solution for risk baring, regional coexistence, preservation of public security, response management and operating skills are considered important particularly in Kitsuregawa and Harima prisons. Thus, this study examines the implications and applicability for the expansion of PS in South Korea.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.97-118
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• 2004

As the economy grows rapidly and the national income level increases, the service industry has become more important and its size gets larger. Especially, the food industry undertakes a continuing growth of consumer expenditures through no nationalization of food, consumers varying patterns of eating out, and individualization. However, it includes many problems with improving service quality towards customers owing to the absence of systems and philosophy to realize customer satisfaction management Therefore, this study conducted a study with Korean traditional restaurant customers to measure their perceived service quality, to verify what factors most influence consumer satisfaction, and to suggest ways to meet the costumer needs by integrating the study results and developing high service quality. To sum up the results of this study, Korean traditional restaurant visitors evaluated three dimensions of service quality overall favorably. Interestingly, background music received a lower level of satisfaction. This implies that the Korean traditional restaurant managers do not do a fine performance in managing music as an ambient element to evoke the atmosphere of the restaurant. Customers showed a lower satisfaction with menu price among the factors measuring product quality. As a result of this study, several suggestions have been made as follows: First, it is necessary for the Korean traditional restaurants to provide systematic employee training to instigate a service culture of customer focus. Secondly, it is important to develop traditional foods using ingredients produced in the region based on a literature review of food in Gyeongju, Silla. Thirdly, it is an urgent task to develop regional menus to revitalize the restaurant business. Fourthly, it is important to provide safety food through systematic sanitary administration. Lastly, it is necessary to limit the number of menu items and attempt specialization of them. Such an attempt with specialized menu items will help their food taste and quality improve and thereby reduce inventory burdens. However, this study has a few limitations. Since this study conducted a survey of the restaurants which provides only Korean traditional food in Gyeongju, not all the restaurants in it, there is a limitation in measuring customer satisfaction with service quality. Therefore, the study results cannot be generalized to all the restaurants in Gyeongju and the nation. Finally, this study suggests that studies on the relationships between customer satisfaction and menu price and customer value system or further customer satisfaction studies with Korean traditional restaurants should be continued.