• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.237-249
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was to investigate the smoking related social influence, refusal skill and nonsmoking related self-efficacy among adolescents. Method: The subject for this study consisted of 3,000 students of middle and high school located in Chonbuk province. The data were collected by self-report questionnaire from Aguest 19 to September 14, 2002. Result: The smoking rate was 3.3% in middle school students and 13.6% in high school students. The subject have had 61.1% of family members, 42.7% of same sex friends, 39.4% of object sex friend, 64.9% of peer group and 85.9% of teachers were being smoke. The smoking related social influence and smoking status showed significant relationship; current smokers' smoking related social influence level was much higher than former and never smoker. Friends', teachers' and family members' influences were important to adolescents' smoking. Adolescents had social influence made by many smokers. 27.7% of subject were suggested to smoke by near people, 40.4% of which them were smoked or tried to smoke. The mean refusal skill score of subject was 39.13 points per hundred. Adolescents have showed very low level of refusal skill to smoke. Current smokers' refusal skill level was significantly lower than former and never smoker. The mean average nonsmoking related self-efficacy score of current smoker was 44.46 percents per hundred, it showed that current smoker had very low level of self-efficacy to ceasing smoke. Conclusion: For the purpose of adolescents smoking prevention and ceasing, the educational program must designed to reduce smoking related social influence, to promote the refusal skill and nonsmoking related self-efficacy.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.99-111
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• 2001

Adolescent psychosocial smoking prevention programs have been successful, but limited in the magnitude of program effects on the reduction of smoking behaviors. This is primarily due to the mixed results of independent studies with program variations. This systematic, quantitative research synthesis is designed to identify program key factors that are likely to increase program effects. The present study examined school-based psychosocial smoking prevention programs (1978-1997)among students in grades 6 to 12 in the United States. Theoretical formulations in this analysis of mediating effects posit that program impact on knowledge and/ or skills is associated with less smoking behaviors among program participants. Knowledge factors investigated in this study included health effects, social consequences, social influences, and social norms. Skill factors included affective skill, self-efficacy, assertiveness, self-control, problem solving, and refusal skill. The findings from this study highlight the importance of social consequences knowledge factor and assertive communication skill factor in decreasing adolescent smoking behaviors.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.230-238
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• 2002

Objectives: This pre-post quasi-experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of school based smoking prevention education on knowledge and attitude toward smoking, and the satisfaction of education among middle school students. Methods: The subjects included 94 middle school students in the experimental group. and 87 students in the control group. The educational content contained smoking refusal skills, which were taught through lectures and videos. Data collection was achieved using a self-reported questionnaire developed by the investigator. Data were analyzed with the SPSS 10.0 program including frequency, percentile, X2, paired t-test, and ANCOVA. Results: The results were as follows: 1. After the smoking prevention education, the smoking knowledge of the experimental group was significantly improved, whereas that of control group didn't change significantly. 2. There were no significant differences between pretest and post test attitude scores in both groups. 3. Refusal skill was the education content that provided the highest satisfaction for the subjects, and the degree of satisfaction was higher with video watching than with a lecture. Conclusion: Smoking prevention education for middle school students increased their level of smoking knowledge, but did not affect their attitudes toward smoking. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a more effective program, and to evaluate the effects of a long term education program with further studies.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.45-61
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• 2007

Objectives: This study was to get database of health service for smoking preventing through investigating the smoking status of students and the knowledge, attitude on smoking. Methods: The subjects were consisted of 463 students who were currently enrolled in 1, 2 and 3 grade of 6 high schools located in Ulsan-city. The instruments for this study were smoking knowledge and smoking attitude questionnaire(each 20 items) developed by WHO. Results: Among the students 25.8% answered they had the experience of smoking. The experience of smoking related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to opposite sex friends. Student's knowledge level about smoking prevention is high score to mean get obtain 0.65 out of 1. Smoking prevention knowledge level related to highest score(0.82) were have affect on pregnancy and an unborn child. Smoking prevention knowledge level related to low score(0.19) were get rid of stress. Therefore smoking prevention knowledge high level is non smoker rather than smoker. Student's attitude level about smoking prevention is high score to mean get obtain 2.0 out of 3. Smoking prevention attitude level related to highest score(2.5) were no smoking allowed public area and put a stop smoking to friends. Therefore smoking prevention attitude high level is non smoker rather than smoker. Conclusion: It follows from this study that education for smoking prevention should be continued from lower grade student and sustaining teaching for refusal skill against smoking is needed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 2010

Problems in feeding habits could affect various aspects of children including growth, learning, communication, interaction with other children, etc. Oral consumption was defined as a participant opening his/her mouth, accepting food/liquid, and swallowing. A goal of the study is to find a method of evaluation and intervention of a child's feeding habits. Feeding is an important component in the early development of children and may have later consequences in the child's ability to participate successfully in their activities of daily life. Children show personal difference on the foods which they try first because stimuli from the foods are revealed as a mealtime behavior through sensory registration and processing. Feeding problems in sensory processing consist of tactile oversensitivity, oral refusal, tactile undersensitivity, and oral dyspraxia. In order to identify problems of sensory processing among feeding difficulties and plan intervention, the understanding of neurological processing and sensory processing characteristics related to feeding is necessary. Reviewing intervention for feeding problems related to sensory processing is required for an effective approach for feeding and providing better life for children.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.81-94
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• 2003

Purpose： This study was to develop a smoking prevention educational program and to verify the effects of the program as an intervention to prevent smoking among high school students. Method： This study was designed by using a nonequivalent Quasi-experimental control group pretest-posttest. The instruments used in this study were scale on smoking prevention knowledge and attitude. The experimental group received 8 smoking prevention educational classes, each lasting 50-minutes every week. The collected data was analyzed by real number and percentage, Chi-Square test, t-test, ANCOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, Cronbach's α, using the SPSS WIN 11.0 program. Result： 1) After the completion of the smoking prevention education program, the experimental group's smoking knowledge scores(16.05±3.40) were higher than the control group's scores(14.39±3.81). Mean scores of smoking knowledge were statistically significantly different between the experimental group and the control group(F＝38.700, p＝.000). 2) After the completion of the smoking prevention education program, the experimental group's smoking prevention attitude scores were 47.52±5.30 and the control group's scores were 47.l0±5.54. Mean scores of attitude toward smoking prevention were statistically significantly different between the experimental group and the control group. 3) The relationship between smoking knowledge and attitude toward smoking prevention indicated positive correlation though the degree of positive correlation was low. Conclusion： Smoking prevention educational program which included self-search, smoking influence, adolescent smoking, family smoking, secondary smoking, self assertion using refusal skill was proved to be effective as an intervention for smoking prevention in high school students.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.189-205
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• 2003

The purpose： This study was to get database of health service for smoking prevention through investigating the state of the students' experience, knowledge and attitude on smoking. Method： The subjects were cosisted of 545 students who were currently enrolled in 3, 4, 5 and 6th grade of 4 primary school in J community. The instruments for this study were Smoking Knowledge and Smoking Attitude questionaire (40 items) developed by WHO(l982). Frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOY A and Chi- square test with SAS program were used to analyze the data. Result： Among the students 10.8％ answered they had the experience of smoking, while 0.5％ said they are current smokers. The experience of smoking related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to sex, grade and received or not received of smoking exhort. With regard to smokers smoking behavior, first beginning time of smoking was most by 29.8％ preschooler and the first motive of smoking was most by 80.8％ curiosity. The main smoking area is most by 31.1 ％ own house or friend's house. The main purchase route of tobacco appeared by thing which house(father or brother's tobacco) most by 34.9％. Smoking period was most less than 1 day and smoking frequency was most stops while bum sometimes. The amount for a day was less than one cigarette. Smoking time was appeared highest when curiosity occurs. Students' knowledge level about smoking prevention is high comparatively to mean 15.44(±2.66). Smoking prevention knowledge level related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to the grade, academic score and learned or not of smoking prevention. Therefore, was expose that the smoking prevention knowledge level is high in students who results high grade, high academic score level and learned of smoking prevention. Students' attitude level about smoking prevention was high level to mean 55.90(±3.58). Smoking prevention attitude level related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to academy score and received or not of smoking exhort(t＝2.33, p＝.020). Therefore, was expose that the smoking prevention attitude level is high in students who result high academic score level and received of smoking exhort group. Conclusion： It follows from this study that education for smoking prevention should be continued from lower grade students and teaching for refusal skill against smoking is needed.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.37-56
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• 2001

This study was conducted to analyze the degree of changes in knowledge and attitude toward smoking and to examine the factors affecting knowledge and attitude for smoking after providing a smoking prevention program based on social influence model for a year to middle school students. Study population consists of 665 subjects of middle school students(aged 14 years) in Gumi city in Kyeongsangbukdo Province. Among them three-hundred sixty-seven students(intervention group) were educated to a smoking prevention program for 1 year from April 1999 to April 2000. School-based four-class program to prevent smoking was developed. The program provides instruction about short and long-term negative physiologic and social consequences of smoking and also discussed the health hazards of smoking, social pressure to smoke, peer norms regarding tobacco use, and refusal skill. A 45-item self-administered structured questionnaire was designed to evaluate the change of knowledge, attitude, smoking rate and the amount of smoking. The instrument was comprised of 11 knowledge items, thirteen attitude item and demographic items. Each scales were created by summing responses to each items within each scales and high scores on the knowledge, attitude, and smoking behavioral intention scales indicated positive responses. Based on the changes before and after the implementation of smoking prevention program between intervention and control group, the change of scores on knowledge were significantly different between the control group and the intervention group(p<0.05) and the change of scores on the attitude toward smoking was significantly different between intervention and control group. The change of smoking rate were not showing a significant difference between two groups but the amount of smoking were significantly reduced in intervention group than control group. In multiple regression analysis on changes of knowledge about smoking, the variables of smoking prevention program education, previous knowledge on smoking and students' school performance were selected the significant variables. In multiple regression to analysis of the factors influencing changes in attitude toward smoking, the variables of smoking prevention program education, previous knowledge on smoking were shown to be significant. The smoking prevention program was effective on change of knowledge and attitude of middle school students. In considering that the policy should be needed to extent of implementation of school-based health education curricula based on social influence model and it would contribute to reduce smoking of students.