• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.345-356
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate utilization and storage management practice of the frozen and refrigerated foods in school foodservice. 222 dietitians employed in school foodservice were surveyed. In school foodservice, the refrigerated stock farm products and seafoods (78.3%) were more used rather than frozen products (47.5%). According to school foodservice characteristics, the refrigerated meats including dairy products were more frequently used in elementary and middle schools than high school foodservice. On the other hand, the foodservice in high school used more frozen seafoods and processed foods than elementary school did. The data also showed a tendency for the contracted foodservice using more frozen meats and seafoods rather than refrigerated products when comparing with the self-operated foodservice. In terms of receiving conditions, storage methods and storage time, the result indicated that frozen or refrigerated products were often delivered at inappropriate temperature. Especially some products which were needed to be shipped and stored at refrigerated temperature such as mollusks, were delivered and kept at room temperature. The most frequently used thawing method were running water (56.9%), however, the frozen products were often sitted at room temperature for the purpose of thawing. According to the results, several inappropriate handling processes for frozen and refrigerated products were found in school foodservice. In order to improve handling process for frozen and refrigerated products, recognition of food handlers' weakness about storage and distribution, development of radical standards for receiving conditions, storage and thawing methods should be debated.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.159-163
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• 2019

최근 생활수준의 향상으로 외식문화가 발전하고 있고 온라인과 오프라인으로도 냉동식품의 택배수요가 날로 증가하고 있다. 현재 이러한 식품유통의 대부분은 냉동차량에 의해서 이루어지고 있다. 냉동차량에서 가장 중요한 요소 중에 하나는 정확히 온도를 측정하는 것이다. 기존의 상용 온도 기록 시스템은 일반적으로 온도 센서 모듈을 기록계에 직접 연결하는 형태이다. 이러한 기존의 방법은 전선을 사용하여 기록계에 온도 데이터를 전송하기 때문에 케이블의 길이에 따라 저항 오차를 보상해야한다. 본 논문은 케이블 내의 저항으로 인해 발생하는 오차를 극복하기 위해서 디지털 처리와 CAN (Controller Area Network) 통신을 사용하는 것을 제안한다. 또한 온도 측정의 정확도를 높이기 위해서 백금 센서인 PT-1000을 사용한다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

In order to estimate the necessity of refrigerated storage of fresh seafood for short-term storage, and evaluate the effect of refrigerated storage on pen shell Atrina pectinata and clam Ruditapes philippinarum collected from Jang-su of Deukryang Bay and I-mok of Sunchen Bay in South Korea, the counts of coliform, Escherichia coli and total aerobic bacteria in A. pectinata and R. philippinarum under non-refrigerated $(28{\pm}1^{\circ}C)$ and refrigerated storage conditions $(4{\pm}1^{\circ}C)$ were determined. The results indicated that the storage at temperature of $4^{\circ}C$ possessed significant effects on inhibiting bacterial growth in live seafood. And refrigerated storage had different effect on A. pectinata and R. philippinarum. Different species and culture environments significantly influenced the initial and ultima bacteria counts. This study confirmed that refrigerated storage for short-term storage of live seafood was necessary, and indicated that the effect of refrigerated storage was influenced by comprehensive effectors.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.147-151
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• 2006

Although various automated CBC analyzers with different WBC analytical principles were consequently introduced to clinical laboratory, the specific information concerning the suitability or unsuitability of aging samples is scarce. For this reason, we studied the effect of storage duration and temperature on CBC parameter in SE-9000 (SYSMEX Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan), automated CBC analyzer. We tested 32 K3-EDTA specimens with SE-9000 during 72 hours. Specimens were kept at room temperature (RT) and refrigerated and were analyzed at 0 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr after the collection of the specimens. The percentage changes from initial value for each parameters were calculated. Among the CBC parameters, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and platelets were stable for the study period at both temperatures. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hematocrit (Hct) and red cell distribution (RDW) increased and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) decreased over time at room temperature. These parameters were stable when refrigerated. The leukocyte count was stable during 72hr at RT and when refrigerated. At room temperature, the relative percentages of neutrophils tend to increase, whereas those of lymphocyte and monocytes tend to decrease after 48 hours. When refrigerated, those of neutrophils and monocytes tend to increase, whereas those of lymphocytes tend to decreased over time. CBC parameters of refrigerated specimen were reliable for 72 hr for the exception of differential count from 24 hr but many CBC parameters, such as MCV, Hct, MCHC, RDW and differential count of leukocyte of blood stored at room temperature for 24 hr were unreliable.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.626-635
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA), Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT), Pentoxifylline (PTX), Theophylline (TPY) and Theobromine (TBR) on cold protection ability of Murrah buffalo semen at room ($22-25^{\circ}C$) and refrigerated temperature ($4-7^{\circ}C$). Each semen sample was divided into six parts of equal volume and sperm concentration; the first was kept as a control and the remaining five were treated with BHA, BHT, PTX, TPY or TBR. Sperm motility, abnormal spermatozoa, live-dead count, hypo-osmotic swelling and acrosomal integrity were studied at room and refrigerated temperature for various incubation periods viz.; 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h at room and 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h at refrigerated temperature. Significant improvement in sperm motility, live-dead count, hypo-osmotic swelling and acrosomal integrity were observed in BHT, PTX and TPY fortified extender at room and refrigerated temperature for various incubation periods. From the present study it could be concluded that cold protection ability of buffalo semen can be improved through the addition of BHT followed by PTX and TPY.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.396-403
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• 2012

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of storage temperature abuse on the freshness of refrigerated and frozen spent hen's meat. After a room temperature storage condition, two different storage temperature were followed: refrigeration and frozen storage. All parts of the spent hen's meats were thawed at 4 d intervals up to 3 times (2, 6, and 10 d) for 24 h. The level of bacteria on the different parts of the refrigerated and frozen meats was higher than 6 Log CFU/g under the following storage conditions: refrigerated - breast, 12 h; leg, 6 h; wing, 12 h at the $1^{st}$ analysis, frozen - breast, 12 h at the $2^{nd}$ analysis; leg, 24 h at the $1^{st}$ analysis; wing, 12 h at the $1^{st}$ analysis. The pH value for the leg meat was higher than breast and wing meats. In the color measurements, under the room temperature storage condition, lightness and redness values decreased but the yellowness increased in refrigerated meats (p<0.05). The K-value regarding refrigerated leg meats exceeded 60%, which is the threshold value to evaluate the degree of freshness, during the $1^{st}$ analysis (p<0.05). The VBN value of refrigerated leg meat was the highest and reached up to 96.93 mg%. Thus, studies regarding the possible decline in quality according to the change of storage temperature could be used in order to establish a basic database for the quality control of spent hen meat being traded with other countries.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1348-1357
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT), Pentoxifylline (PTX) and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (Vit E) on semen quality parameters of Karan Fries bulls. The fortification of extender by various semen additives improves motility as well as fertility of spermatozoa. Split samples of 24 ejaculates of four Karan Fries bulls were extended in extender with or without various additives such as BHT, PTX and Vit E, and performance was evaluated at an interval of 0, 24, 48 and 72 h at refrigerated temperature (4-$7^{\circ}C$). Results of the present study revealed that addition of BHT, PTX and Vit E in extender improved sperm cell function, such as motility, viability, HOST, and acrosome integrity, as compared to the control during liquid storage up to 48 h of preservation at refrigerated temperature. There was no significant (p<0.05) difference between any of the additives up to 48 h of preservation. Overall, the results showed a significant (p<0.05) deterioration in motility after each storage interval. The results showed a significant deterioration in the acrosome integrity and plasma membrane integrity up to 48 h; subsequently, there was not much degradation of both the semen quality parameters. There was a significant increase in spermatozoal tail and total abnormality after each storage interval at refrigerator temperature (4 to $7^{\circ}C$); however, the head and mid-piece abnormalities were almost unaffected. Tail and total abnormality were least in extender fortified with BHT, PTX and Vit E at different hours of incubation as compared to the control. The addition of 1.5 mM BHT, 3.6 mM PTX and 1 mg/ml Vit E in the semen extender has more beneficial effect in terms of semen quality and preservability of spermatozoa.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 1999

The stability of penicillin G potassium injection after reconstitution was evaluated in two different diluents of sodium chloride $0.9\%$ and dextrose $5\%$ in water stored at room temperature or refrigerated condition. The concentrations of penicillin G, stored for 24 hours at room temperature or for 10 days at refrigerated condition, were determined by HPLC. Also the pHs of the reconstituted solutions were monitored. The concentrations and pHs of penicillin G potassium 500,000 U/ml injection after reconstitution gradually decreased in all conditions. Stored at room temperature after reconstitution, a new peak which suspected as degradation products of penicillin G was detected in 5 hours in sodium chloride $0.9\%$, 4 hours in dextrose $5\%$ in water. At refrigerated condition, the new peak was detected in 4 days in both sodium chloride $0.9\%$ and dextrose $5\%$ in water. The degradation products of penicillin G allergy have been thought to be one of the substances responsible for evoking allergic reactions. In conclusion, the penicillin G potassium 500,000 U/ml injection after reconstitution was stable for 4 hours in sodium chloride $0.9\%$ 3 hours in dextrose $5\%$ in water solution at room temperature. At refrigerated condition, both solutions were stable for 3 days after reconstitution.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.23-25
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• 1977

Transaminase has been a popular methods in the clinical laboratory for the diagnosis of particular diseases. The methods we are familiar with should be considered further on the serum states provided on the test to be done. (serum freshness, temperature and duration preserved) I have studied transaminase activities of the serum preserved under frozen (-10$\circ$C), refrigerated (4$\circ$C) and room temperature conditions. At a given interval those activities of serum are measured and then the results are compared with the optical density and calculated for the standard deviation and percent variation (Table 1. & Fig. 1.) G.O.T. activity is maintained decreased at a relatively constant rate from 2nd day to 14th day preservation under frozen and refrigerated but its activity variation at 25$\circ$C are far greater than the above conditions throughout the test periods. Elevated G.P.T. level of serum compared with G.O.T. are remained at any temperature and duration. Unless the determination of amino acid level study can not ruled out clearly.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.277-281
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• 2008

This paper presents the development of a high efficiency transport refrigeration system for sliced-raw fish transportation. The refrigeration system is equipped with heat storage for reverse cycle-hot gas defrost (the stored heat is used during defrost cycle of the system). System performance and container operating conditions are analyzed during experimental investigation on a $3,225{\times}1,740{\times}1,640\;mm$ full-scale refrigerated container under cooling and defrosting conditions. The prototype system indicates better performance in terms of shorter cooling-down time, shorter defrost time and smaller fluctuations of refrigerated container's temperature.