• Language and Information
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.47-72
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• 2004

In general, it is assumed that a pronoun refers to the same individual as the referent of its antecedent. However, when a pronoun and its antecedent are in different information or belief states, the two may not refer to the same individual. Then a question arises what a pronoun refers to. In this paper, two cases are considered. When a pronoun occurs in an attitude context, one case is where its antecedent occurs in a belief context, and the other is where the antecedent occurs in the main context. I propose that a pronoun refers to an individual concept which links two different subjects in two different contexts, and that the selection of a proper individual concept is restricted by the discourse. So a pronoun can be used felicitously only when there is a unique individual concept supported by the individual concept introduced by the discourse and which can link two subjects in two different contexts.

• School Mathematics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.539-554
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• 2002

Mathematics is constructed by many signs, and learning mathematics involves the understanding and uses of them. This study reflects mathematical signs and their meanings, and considers how they can be introduced in learning. For these, we first investigated epistemological positions as Piaget, Vygotsky, anthropology, and interactionism. And we investigated semiotic models that Saussure and Peirce built each. Among these we adopted Peirce' triadic model that is consisted of interpretant, object (referent), and represen tamen(sign). In mathematic learning process, representations are transformed by translations and meanings are growed to the representation of another sign. And the meaning of sign grows by learner's interpretation. In terms of theoretical grounds, we settled that the understanding of mathematical signs involved the understanding of their representations and their meanings. On the foundation of above contents, we searched how we introduced signs to students and there were methods that approached to students representationally or inquiringly.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.45-60
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• 2012

This project examined 2, 3, and 4-year-old children (N = 34) in a university campus child care setting to assess their understanding of the graphic features they use in their emergent writing (to distinguish it from a drawing of the same referent). The graphic features present in samples of the children's work were examined and compared to the graphic features children could identify through verbal and nonverbal communication. We examined the frequencies of graphic feature identification, as well as significant differences between graphic feature usage and graphic feature identification. The most frequently used graphic features were linearity, unidirectionality, and small size of units. The most frequently identified graphic feature was conventional letter. Overall, children used significantly more graphic features than they were able to identify. Significant relationships comparing the 2-year-old group and 4-year-old group's usage and identification were also found. The findings are discussed in terms of their application to early childhood classrooms. Teachers can apply these findings when engaging children in conversations about their emergent writing; these discussions are explored as a beneficial teaching tool.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.55-73
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of arbitration in organizational performances by means of literature review. The contents of the study were theoretical studies on the role of intangible power in the organization. By mediating compliance and repulsion, it is intended to reduce conflicts and increase work commitment, which in turn will increase productivity and increase employee self-esteem, and help improve corporate image over the long term. Factors such as the contents of professional power, the content of referent power, the importance and contents of informational power as well as the importance of arbitration were studied. It is found that when arbitration is effective, it can increase work commitment and improve the productivity of the enterprise.

• 중국학논총
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• no.66
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• pp.85-103
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• 2020

We use prototypes (also known as referent in semiotics) when we understand the outside world. Different language users use different prototypes to decode the same sound. When we learn Chinese language as a foreign language, during it's sound perceptual process, Korean learners' target language prototypes are different from Chinese native speakers'. The purpose of the paper is to examine the theory of speech perception and the theory of constructivism teaching, and to suggest to the Chinese language teachers to have Cunstructivist approach while they design there teaching course. For this, we concerned three things: First is to review speech perception theory and constructivism teaching theory. Second based on the preceding study, we review that learner's prototypes are different from Chinese native speaker and this cause the error of listening and pronunciation. Finally, we introduced two simple speech visualization programs developed to help us learn pronunciation.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 2017

This study explores the influence of reference groups depending on the type (in-group versus out-group) and the size (an individual member versus a group as a whole) of reference groups. We propose a mixed conformity model, which suggests that people want to fit in with their in-group but at the same time they want to stand out within their in-group members. We found that in moderately identity-relevant product categories, people tend to diverge from individual members of their in-group while conforming to their in-group as a whole. However, in highly identity-relevant product categories, people conform to their in-group independent of the referent's size. Directions for future research are outlined in order to further establish and understand the proposed phenomenon.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.126-133
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• 2007

The 'Science and Technology Mania' award program is an annual nationwide award activity organized to provide teenagers with opportunities for engaging in a high-technology-based long-term project work. The task involves designing a model ship propelled by the Lorentz force (a Lorentz ship) that allows diverse approaches irreducible to one right answer, and thus adopts features of science and technology in-the-making, In this study, we attend to opportunities for learning science that the uncertain aspects of artifact-designing project provide with participants, particularly when students communicate with scientists about their design practices. We analyze oral presentation sessions of the program and articulate two findings. First, students articulate embodied knowing in the presence of scientists. Second, students enact discursive resources deployed in concrete action. We conclude that students' design practices constitute referent that communication is directed toward and therefore become resources for developing scientific discourse.

• Broadcasting and Media Magazine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 2005

About the phenomenon of being imaged of everything, the scholars of the humanities who had studied on the simple reason structure in a text have been in a big agony how accept it. Especially, semiologists have studied about this for a long time and the points at issues of Saussure, Peirce as well as Umbeto Eco are more outstanding. Being based upon his philosophic interesting from medieval esthetics to modern semiotics, Eco was very concerned about the field of general esthetics and poputar arts like television and cartoons. He connected the mutual open-relations between 'signifier' and 'signified' debated in Semiotics with the open and vague modern arts and regarding it as a deviation from the custom, intensively studied the film-media. Saussure is a representative figure of semiotics and explained Sign and the character of semiotics as the division into two parts such as signifier/ signified, form/ substance, langue/ parole, synchrony/ diachrony. The triadic semiotics (the theory that Sign is composed of the triadic structure like sign, referent and interpretant) of Peirce put the new item- 'interpretant' in sign and referent to connect them and open the possibility to introduce time in to the Sign. In this paper, I try to analyze a cartoon film in the semiotic structure with the systemic, reasonable and logical approach and analysis as as possible. While the images shown through a film were depended on the romantic and impressional judge in the past, due to semiotics, it' s quite possible to correlate the procedure of symbolization to social coherence so that we analyze the incredible power of images to suck audiences with the systemetic Sign. I accept all ot film-images including a cartoon film as not the simple esthetic arts but a social custom and system, want to serve as a aid to properly understand world and humanbeings and prevent the film-image from being mystic. A cartoon and a cartoon film which were begun with the link of a text and an illustration give shape to all of images such as materials, places and even thoughts with a cartoon icon existed in only a cartoon. A cartoon and a cartoon film simply and exquistely conceptualize the complex and vague attribute of an organic creature and extend them infinetly beyond language. However, it can be exploited as a mysticism to temptate the general public and a faking material. In addition to that, it can distort our world-knowledge engaging a political power and the massive power of mass media. In this paper, being based on semiotics to approach a cartoon film in a scientific and organic system, I conclude that a non-linguistic cartoon expression is entangled with the manifold signs and implies the supplementary meanings just like a regular linguistic expression. It remarks that the iconic images of a cartoon film are composed of the social codes and can be analyzed on grounds of a linguistic system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.326-341
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• 2020

Based on theoretical background of Situational Theory of Problem Solving(STOPS), we have examined the role of STOPS variables on a group of online public in their issue recognition and communicative behavior on Korea's nationwide civil boycott movement of Japanese goods. Results from 524 survey cases from a Korea's major online community show that two independent variables(Problem Recognition, Referent Criterion) revealed positive in their effect on mediating variable(Situational Motivation in Problem Solving). Situational Motivation also revealed positive in its effect on six dependent variables(Information Forefending, Information Permitting, Information Forwarding, Information Sharing, Information Seeking, Information Attending) of Communicative Behavior. Involvement Recognition and Constraint Recognition revealed positive without proper statistical significance. As a result, study on the case of online public in Korea supports STOPS theory as high-level of Problem Recognition and Referent Criterion effects on Communicative Behavior in positive way via Situational Motivation. Implications from the findings have discussed and proposed suggestions for government public relations and further studies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.169-177
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• 1997

This study aims at empirically clarifying the relationship between power and the interpersonal conflict, including nurses' understanding of their relative power, the causes of interpersonal conflicts with the nurses, and strategies to resolve conflicts, in order to understand how nurses' relative power affect their conflicts. For the empirical survey, the population was defined as all the nurses working at a medical organization in Seoul, Korea. 1083 nurses were selected as the sample for the questionnaire survey and statistical analyses. For the sampling, 32 medical organizations were selected by a stratified random method and sub-samples were arbitrarily drawn from each organization to obtain the final sample of 1083 nurses who responded to the questionnaire designed by the reseacher. According to the result of the study, most nurses experience conflict more than once a month, and 70.4% of the respondents answered that interpersonal conflicts were directly or indirectly caused by power relations. which indicates that they perceive power relations as the main cause of interpersonal conflicts. Nurses experienced the most conflicts with interns and residents(29.7%), then patients and their families(24.3%), higher-positioned nurses(12.3%), nurse colleagues(7.7%), lower-positioned nurses(6.5%), and staff doctors(5.1%). If we classify these into three groups. the frequency of the conflicts, from most frequent to least. is in the order of doctors. nurses, and patients. In terms of relative power, nurses perceive that they have greater power than patients and their families, lower-positioned nurses, and nurse colleagues. In contrast, nurses perceive that they have less power than interns and residents, higher-positioned nurses. and staff doctors. Among these groups. nurses perceive that they have the most power over patients and the least over staff doctors. These results indicate that nurses tend to experience more conflicts with members of groups that are stronger than themselves in terms of relative power, Nurses use positive strategies such as the compromise strategy(32.3%) or the collaboration strategy (20.3%) to manage conflicts, more than other strategies. However, they use avoidance or competition strategy more at the earlier stage, compromise strategy more in the mid stage, and collaboration strategy more at the later stage of the interpersonal conflict. In relation to power, nurses use the collaboration strategy or the compromise strategy more when their perceived power is greater than or equal to their counterpart's, and they use the avoidance strategy or the accommodation strategy if their power is less. In terms of source of power, nurses' perceived relative power is greater in the order of referent power. expert power, reward power, legitimate power. and coercive power. where referent power is perceived as having the greatest power and coercive power is least. Most nurses(69.3%) used their power to resolve a conflict. with positive outcomes. Expert power was used most frequently. Overall. this study strongly indicates that the enhancement of power of nurses to have equal power relations with doctors would heighten the success of conflict resolution, since power is the main cause of conflicts. Specifcally. nurses experience most conflicts with doctors against whom they perceive the greatest gap in power. and the choice of a conflict management strategy depend upon their power relations.