• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.287-292
• /
• 2021

Background: References to insects in myths, stories, and idioms can be found in almost any culture, but with regard to references involving honey bee species in the Asia-Australian region, little information is available. Such references to bees can be highly informative by revealing attitudes of admiration, fear, ignorance, or even revulsion towards these insects. Results: The subject is briefly reviewed and examples of references to bees of selected cultural communities are given. Although folkloristic references to honey bees were found to be mostly positive highlighting fearlessness, cleverness, and industriousness of the bees, some also touch upon their ability to cause pain. Conclusions: Owing to the decreasing contacts and increasing alienization regarding insects generally, a plea is made to collect whatever information is still available about references to bees in songs, myths, stories, proverbs, and idioms and to compare such uses from different regions, e.g., North and South Korea. This would support other fields of research aiming to discover and to describe cultural relationships, migrations, and contacts between different peoples of the Asian/Australian region.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.227-252
• /
• 2003

본 논문에서는 목록규칙상에서 참조의 변천과정을 고찰하였다. 참조는 파니찌와 쥬이트의 목록규칙에서는 상호참조라고 하였으며, 카터의 사전체목록에서 처음으로 정의되었다. 파니찌 규칙 이후 보라참조와 도보라참조로 발전하여 AACR2에서 지금까지의 참조에 관한 규정을 망라하여 체계적으로 표현하였다. 참조의 대상은 개인명, 단체명, 서명, 주제명 등이고, 참조의 종류는 보라참조, 도보라참조 이름-서명참조 설명참조의 4가지로 구분하였다. 결국 참조는 동일한 저자나 서명의 상이한 형식을 동일한 접근점으로 하여 관련 저작을 집중하는 유일한 장치로써 특히 현재의 온라인목록에서는 그 기능과 역할이 매우 중요하다.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
• /
• 제43권3호
• /
• pp.385-405
• /
• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 국내 학술지 논문에 인용된 인터넷 참고문헌의 특징과 활동성을 조사하는 것이다. 분석대상은 국내 문헌정보학 분야 4개 학술지(한국정보관리학회지, 한국도서관 정보학회지, 한국문헌정보학회지, 한국비블리아학회지)의 지난 8년(2002년부터 2009년)동안 게재된 논문에 포함된 참고문헌들이다. 주요 분석결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 참고문헌 중 인터넷 참고문헌의 비율은 15.5%이었으며 2002년 이후 인터넷 참고문헌의 비율은 매년 꾸준히 증가하였다. 둘째, 인터넷 참고문헌의 자료유형은 일반 웹문서(html, htm 등)가 84.3%로 가장 많았다. 셋째, 인터넷 참고문헌의 도메인 유형은 비영리기관이 35%, 대학/교육기관이 20%로 가장 많았다. 넷째, 인터넷 참고문헌의 비활동성은 44.8%로 높게 나타났고, 인용된 지 10년 후에는 최대 53.3%까지 증가하였다.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제41권5호
• /
• pp.179-191
• /
• 2003

The study is to suggest easier making method of skirts and slacks as to compare production process between manufacturers and references of clothing construct in universities. Skirts and slacks have simple production process and they are basic subjects in clothing construct class. But most references have just contents which are to make basic styles of skirts and slacks made basic materials. Continuous development of new material and variety of style request more efficient and easer making method in the reference of clothing construct. So the making methods of references and manufacturers are compared and analyzed in this study In references, there are many hand work and sub-work because they are for a person who make own clothes. In contrast, manufacturers have to product many variety clothes of good quality for many people and think the production cost of clothes. They use more simple and efficient method that include their know-how to meet changing fashion situation. In making methods of skirts and slacks, differences between references and manufacturer are in sewing of waist band and zippers and location of interlining. Manufacturers use variedly sewing method of waist band according to material and their experience. Especially handling for wrong side inseam of waist band is distinct between references and manufacturers. References have basic and detail work and manufacturers know processing order having even grade work to keep continuous production. The making method of clothes have to change and improve according to the situation. The more useful making method get to include their merits and references need to add more practical method and knowledge.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.223-231
• /
• 2015

As smartphones support a variety of applications and their memory demand keeps increasing, the design of an efficient memory management policy is becoming increasingly important. Meanwhile, as nonvolatile memory (NVM) technologies such as PCM and STT-MRAM have emerged as new memory media of smartphones, characterizing memory references for NVM-based smartphone memory systems is needed. For the deep understanding of memory access features in smartphones, this paper performs comprehensive analysis of memory references for various smartphone applications. We first analyze the temporal locality and frequency of memory reference behaviors to quantify the effects of the two properties with respect to the re-reference likelihood of pages. We also analyze the skewed popularity of memory references and model it as a Zipf-like distribution. We expect that the result of this study will be a good guidance to design an efficient memory management policy for future smartphones.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.164-170
• /
• 2023

With the recent advances in AI (artificial intelligence) and HPC (high-performance computing) technologies, deep learning is proliferated in various domains of the 4th industrial revolution. As the workload volume of deep learning increasingly grows, analyzing the memory reference characteristics becomes important. In this article, we analyze the memory reference traces of deep learning workloads in comparison with traditional workloads specially focusing on read and write operations. Based on our analysis, we observe some unique characteristics of deep learning memory references that are quite different from traditional workloads. First, when comparing instruction and data references, instruction reference accounts for a little portion in deep learning workloads. Second, when comparing read and write, write reference accounts for a majority of memory references, which is also different from traditional workloads. Third, although write references are dominant, it exhibits low reference skewness compared to traditional workloads. Specifically, the skew factor of write references is small compared to traditional workloads. We expect that the analysis performed in this article will be helpful in efficiently designing memory management systems for deep learning workloads.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.180-185
• /
• 2008

Purpose: This study was to investigate the reference accuracy in major nursing journals in Korea. Methods: The references in articles from eight nursing journals from 2006 were compared with PubMed for authors, year, title, journal, volume, and page accuracy. Four hundred sixty-six references were reviewed. Errors were classified as major or minor and categorized by bibliographic headings (author, title, journal, year, volume and page). Results: Of the 466 references, 223 (47.9%) had citation errors. The reference error rates ranged from 28.6% to 58.7%. Most errors occurred in the author element (37.9%), followed by title (20.9%), journal (19.0%), page (13.9%), volume (5.9%), and year (2.4%). Conclusion: This study identified a considerable error rate in the references of nursing journals. Inaccuracy of references is a reflection on scholarly work of authors and journals. Authors and Editorial committees are responsible for the accuracy of references.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
• /
• 제27권
• /
• pp.265-289
• /
• 1994

Databases publicly available for online searching permit both citation and subject searching, however, subject searching has dominated the online search environment. Despite the power of citation searching, it may be underutilized This study explored the relationship between the number of cited references used in a citation search and information retrieval effectiveness, a relatively unstudied phenomenon. Three articles in the library and information science literature were chosen to represent sample questions. Cited reference searches were conducted for each article and each of its references. All searches were conducted in Social Scisearch and Scisearch on DIALOG. Relevance judgments on the retrieved citations were obtained from the authors of the original articles. This research focused on analyzing, in terms of information retrieval effectiveness, the overlap among postings sets retrieved by various combinations of cited references. The findings from the three case studies clearly showed that the more cited references used for the citation search, the better the performance, in terms of retrieving more relevant documents, up to a point of diminishing retums. In addition, generally the overall level of overlap among relevant documents sets was found to be low. Therefore, if only some of the cited references among many candidates are used for a citation search, a significant proportion of relevant documents may be missed. The analysis of the characteristics of cited references provided the ways to predict which cited refereces would be useful to improve information retrieval. The findings of this comprehensive exploratory study are of interest for both theoretical and practical reasons. They contribute to the development of a theoretical model for the effective use of the citation search. This model might also be implemented in operational online systems. In addition, the findings potentially will help online searchers improve their search strategies using the citation search so that they can better achieve their information retrieval goals: the retrieval of items relevant to a given question and the suppression of nonrelevant items.

• 혜화의학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.21-55
• /
• 2014

Objectives : This report describes the original references of 154 formulas related to the use of Rhei Rhizoma main blended from Dongeuibogam. Methods : This study analyzes the original references of 154 formulas including Rhei Rhizoma as a key component in Dongeuibogam. Results : There were five types as follows: 1.There is no exact match between 154 formulas in Dongeuibogam and the original formulas in references. 2. Case that could not found the original formula in reference: 22%. 3. Case that the citation is the similar to the original reference: 4%. 4. Case that the citation is not same to expression but contents basically: 73%. 5. Case of addition of content: 1% Conclusions : Most formulas related to the use of Rhei Rhizoma main blended from Dongeuibogam are similar to the contents in the original references. But we can find that Heo Jun, who writes Dongeuibogam, modifies the contents for his intention of editing, idea and situation in Korea.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.371-384
• /
• 2005

Self-referencing method in revised-OTFTOOL is a new method in On-The-Fly(OTF) observation mode. It uses the source free regions of the observed frame as references instead of the OFFs references. We already analyzed and discussed its proprieties and advantages in the previous paper. In this paper, we make a statistical study about the self-referencing method by applying it to OTF mapping data of 27 Virgo spiral galaxies. We found that the self-referencing method solves the crooked baseline problem for every datacube. It straightens the baseline, and conserves the emissions. Compared with other data processing, the median filtering task 'mwflt' in AIPS, to use self-referencing method is more effective and safe not only to straighten the baseline but also to conserve the emission. For the strong CO galaxies, the data obtained by self-referencing method shows scarcely any difference from those reduced by conventional OFFs references and AIPS median filtering in the range of uncertainties. Undetected CO emissions in datacubes of conventional OFFs references are also not detected in those of self-referencing method. The self-referencing method is expected to save the observing time and simplify data reduction processes. Besides this, using self-referencing method will offer emission-free references more safely.