• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.98-106
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• 2018

Panax ginseng has been used since ancient times based on the traditional Asian medicine theory and clinical experiences, and currently, is one of the most popular herbs in the world. To date, most of the studies concerning P. ginseng have focused on specific mechanisms of action of individual constituents. However, in spite of many studies on the molecular mechanisms of P. ginseng, it still remains unclear how multiple active ingredients of P. ginseng interact with multiple targets simultaneously, giving the multidimensional effects on various conditions and diseases. In order to decipher the systems-level mechanism of multiple ingredients of P. ginseng, a novel approach is needed beyond conventional reductive analysis. We aim to review the systems-level mechanism of P. ginseng by adopting novel analytical framework-network pharmacology. Here, we constructed a compound-target network of P. ginseng using experimentally validated and machine learning-based prediction results. The targets of the network were analyzed in terms of related biological process, pathways, and diseases. The majority of targets were found to be related with primary metabolic process, signal transduction, nitrogen compound metabolic process, blood circulation, immune system process, cell-cell signaling, biosynthetic process, and neurological system process. In pathway enrichment analysis of targets, mainly the terms related with neural activity showed significant enrichment and formed a cluster. Finally, relative degrees analysis for the target-disease association of P. ginseng revealed several categories of related diseases, including respiratory, psychiatric, and cardiovascular diseases.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.855-863
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• 2012

The organic and holistic recognition method about nature in east asian philosophy is also applied to the study of the human body in Korean medicine. In Korean medicine, the human body is being understood from a holistic point of view rather than a mechanical or reductive one. The main east asian philosophies are the heavens thought and the Yin-yang/Five Phase Theory. This study will explore the influence the general flow of heavens thought has on explaining the human body in Korean medicine and the formation of how the human body is perceived in "Huangdineijing"(黃帝內經). First, the primitive meaning of heaven was developed to include the natural heaven of Xia (夏), the lord heaven of Shang(商) and the moral heaven of Zhou(周) dynasties. Among these, the natural heaven notion of the Xia(夏) dynasty which recognized heaven as the one with the power to create everything. This was followed by Taoism which established the contrasting system of heaven and earth. Based on this, "Huangdineijing"(黃帝 內經) developed the perception of the human body, taking into account, heaven as the original substance to generate the human body through the mutual sympathy between heavenly energy and earthly form. The perspective of the correspondence between nature and human in "Huainantzu"(淮南子) and "L$\breve{u}$shichunqiu"(呂氏春秋) was succeeded by Tung Chung-Shu(董仲舒). Based on this development, the perception of the human body in "Huangdineijing"(黃帝內經) is related to the seasonal cycle and the notion of night and day to balance the physiology of the human body. It recognizes that its structure, shape, emotional state and physiological actions are correlated with heaven.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of yellow and white bitter yams from South Western Nigeria using methanolic extraction and simulated gastrointestinal digestion models. The phenolic compounds in the bitter yam varieties were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The total phenolic content of the bitter yams was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, reductive potential by assessing the ability of the bitter yam to reduce $FeCl_3$ solution, and the antioxidant activities were determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical ($DPPH^{\cdot}$) scavenging activity, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation ($ABTS^{{\cdot}+}$) scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical ($NO^{\cdot}$) scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and ability to inhibit $Fe^{2+}$-induced lipid oxidation. The HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of some phenolic compounds in the studied bitter yam varieties, with varying degree of quantitative changes after cooking. The antioxidant indices (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, reducing power, $DPPH^{\cdot}$ scavenging activity, $ABTS^{{\cdot}+}$ scavenging activity, and $NO^{\cdot}$ scavenging activity) were higher in the simulated gastrointestinal digestion model compared to the methanolic extract, with the in vitro digested cooked white bitter yam ranking higher. Similarly, the in vitro digested yams had a higher inhibitory action against lipid oxidation compared to the methanolic extracts, with the cooked white bitter yam ranking high. The methanolic extracts and in vitro enzyme digests showed no acetylcholinesterase inhibitory abilities, while methanolic extracts and the in vitro enzyme digest displayed some level of butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Therefore the studied bitter yams could be considered as possible health supplements.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.65-82
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was verification of the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of Odukhwan(ODH) and Sasinhwan(SSH) in mouse macrophage, RAW264.7 cells. Methods : To investigate the anti-oxidative effect and scavenging activities of DPPH radical, superoxide anions, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite were measured. Cytotoxic activity of extract of ODH and SSH on RAW264.7 cells was measured using MTS assay. To proof the reductive activity of intracellular oxidation, DCFH-DA assay was performed. The nitric oxide(NO) production was measured and pro-inflammatory cytokines and $PGE_2$ were measured by ELISA kit. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and nuclear NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 expression were detected by western blot. Results : After those analyses, we bring to a conclusion as follows. Both herbal formulations scavenged DPPH radical and nitric oxide. But ODH had no scavenging activity of superoxide anions and SSH had low scavenging activity in peroxynitrite. And the results indicated that ODH and SSH inhibited the LPS-induced NO, $PGE_2$ production and iNOS, COX-2 expression accompanied by an attenuation of IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 production in RAW264.7 cells. They also have suppression effects of LPS-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Conclusions : ODH and SSH have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and they may be a part of database for development of new anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory drugs.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.436-443
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• 2007

Anaerobic reductive dehalogenation of perchloroethene (PCE) was studied with lactate as the electron donor in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) inoculated with a mixed culture previously shown to dehalogenate vinyl chloride (VC). cis-1,2- dichloroethene (cDCE) was the dominant intermediate at relatively long cell retention times (>56 days) and the electron acceptor to electron donor molar ratio (PCE:lactate) of 1:2. cDCE was transformed to VC completely at the PCE to lactate molar ratio of 1:4, and the final products of PCE dehalogenation were VC (80%) and ethene (20%). VC dehalogenation was inhibited by cDCE dehalogenation. Propionate produced from the fermentation of lactate might be used as electron donor for the dehalogenation. Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of increased hydrogen, VC, and trichloroethene (TCE) on VC dehalogenation which is the rate-limiting step in PCE dehalogenation The addition of TCE increased the VC dehalogenaiton rate more than an increase in the $H_2$ concentration, which suggests that the introduction of TCE induces the production of an enzyme that can comtabolize VC.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2012

Purpose: This study considered the effects and proper treatments of mandibular condyle fractures by comparing clinical differences and complications according to analysis and treatment plan. Methods: From September 2007 to August 2010, patients who were diagnosed with condylar fracture and monitored for more than 3 months were selected. Cases were divided in a reductive manner and evaluated by type and period of intermaxillary fixation (IMF), status of occlusion and trismus according to the Spiessle/Schroll method. A total 50 patients were examined. Results: The number of the unilateral condyle fractures was 45 and 30 patients had multiple fractures. Type of fracture was categorized by the Spiessle/Schroll method. There were 21 patients with type I, 11 patients with type II, 3 patients with type 3, 10 patients with type V and 5 patients with type VI; there were no patients with a type IV fracture. 11 patients were operated on with open reduction. Among them, 9 patients were type II and 2 patients were type I. For type I patients, an intra-oral approach was conducted with an endoscope and trocar. For 3 of the type II patients, an retromandibular approach was conducted and for the rest of the type II patients, the same approach as type I was used. The periods of IMF were 2.36 weeks (mean) in open reduction group and 2.9 weeks (mean) in closed reduction group and the total mean period is 2.78 weeks. All patients had stable occlusion after removing the IMF. Trismus occurred in 1 patient for open reduction and 5 patients for closed reduction. Facial nerve palsy was observed in one patient postoperatively that resolved after 6 months. Conclusion: In this study, similar prognosis was shown after an open and closed reduction was conducted. Therefore, treatments need to be planned depending on the degree of condyle fracture and the amount of displacement. Additionally, the period of IMF could be shortened with open reduction.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.251-257
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• 2001

A present semiconductor cleaning technology is based upon RCA cleaning, high temperature process which consumes vast chemicals and ultra Pure water(UPW). This technology gives rise to the many environmental issues, therefore some alternatives have been studied. In this study, intentionally contaminated Si wafers were cleaned using the electrolyzed water(EW). The EW was generated by an electrolysis equipment which was composed of anode. cathode, and toddle chambers. Oxidative water and reductive water were obtained in anode and cathode chambers, respectively. In case $NH_4$Cl electrolyte, the oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) and pH for anode water(AW) and cathode water(CW) were measured to be +1050mV and 4.7, and -750mV and 9.8, respectively. For cleaning metallic impurities, AW was confirmed to be more effective than that of CW, and the particle distribution after various particle removal processes was shown to be same distribution.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 2011

Objectives : The Lycoris squamigera Maxim has been used traditionally for treatment of various diseases. However, the studies on the effect of Lycoris squamigera Maxim have not been carried out. In the present study, extract of Lycoris squamigera Maxim were tested for their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effect. Methods : The anti-inflammatory effect of the various solvent extract was studied in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-treated mouse macrophage cells. RAW 264.7 cells were pre-incubated with Lycoris squamigera Maxim extracts for 4h and treated with $1\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ lps for 18h, and then the anti-inflammatory effects of extracts were determined. The anti-oxidation effect of extracts measured by DPPH method, reductive potential test, total phenolics test. Results : Extracted root's ethyl acetate layer showed a significant decrease in nitric oxide. And that layer (root's ethyl acetate extract) was showed decrease in TNF-${\alpha}$ concentration dependently. Separated from Root's ethyl acetate extract was fraction 1 has $0.1{\sim}5\;{\mu}M$ range, fraction 2 has $0.1{\sim}10\;{\mu}M$ range did not showed cytotoxicity. Anti-oxidation result as DPPH test showed the best was root ethyl acetate extract. Redusing power was made a comparison between fractions and standard. They were showed similar value. Fraction's total phenol containing result was better then standard. Conclusions : These results suggest that these extracts can be used as anti-inflammatory, anti-axidation materials.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.614-622
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• 1989

The electrochemical reduction of ${\alpha},{\beta}$-dibenzyl N-benzylidene L-aspartate in 0.1M LiCl ethanol solution was investigated by direct current (DC), differential pulse (DP) polarography, cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential coulometry(CPC). The irreversible reductive amination of imino group proceeded to form ${\alpha},{\beta}$-dibenyl N-benzyl L-aspartate by CEC or CE electrochemical reaction mechanism at the first reduction step (-0.92 volts vs. Ag-AgCl). The polarographic reduction wave was slightly suppressed due to inhibitory effect of micelle, while the irreversibility was increased according to the increase of Triton X-100 concentration. Upon the basis of product analysis and polarogram interpretation with pH change, possible CE electrode reaction mechanism was suggested.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2011

In this study, the hydride vapour generator inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HVGICPMS) was applied as the new analytical method to show the high accurate and reproductive data analysing the amounts of selenium and germanium being existed inside a system of plant. In order to decrease the interference effects, such as ion and molecular interference. Mini torch was used into the ICPMS instead of the conventional torch. At conditions of the different kinds and concentrations of acid solution, the different reductive conditions for composing hydride, and the different methods for making ash, the contents of selenium and germanium in lettuce were analysed. The inspection of yields and data comparison from SRM-1574 and -1570a were used for increasing the accuracy of this analysis.