• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.723-732
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• 2020

The spent RHDS (Residue HydroDeSulfurization) catalyst is deactivated mainly by deposition of various contaminants such as coke, sulfur and vanadium on the surface of catalyst. To eliminate those contaminants, the following remanufacturing process was conducted. The first, heavy oil on the surface of the spent RHDS catalyst was removed by kerosene and dehydrated. The second, the high temperature incineration was carried out to eliminate coke and sulfur components deposited on the surface of spent RHDS catalyst. The third, the excessive quantity of Vanadium deposited on the surface of catalyst was removed by leaching process as follows: ultrasonic agitation was carried out at 50℃, for 10 seconds with 0.5% and 1% oxalic acid solution. The purpose of this process is to find out regenerated RHDS catalyst can be used as SCR catalyst for NOx reduction by controlling the vanadium residual content of the regenerated RHDS catalyst through leaching process. The composition of regenerated RHDS catalyst was analyzed by XRF and the NOx reduction efficiency was also measured by continuous catalytic fixed bed reactor. As the result, regenerated catalyst, with 0.5% oxalic acid, ultrasonic agitation in 10 seconds, showed the most stable NOx reduction efficiency. Also, in comparison with commercial SCR catalyst, the NOx reduction performance of regenerated catalyst was similar to that of commercial SCR catalyst at the temperature 375℃ and higher whereas was lower than commercial SCR catalyst at the temperature range between 200~250℃. Therefore, it was confirmed that the regenerated catalyst as powder form wash coated on the surface of metal corrugated substrate can be used for commercial SCR catalyst.

• Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.899-905
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• 2019

In this study, molten salt electrorefining was used to recover indium metal from In-Sn crude metal sourced from indium tin oxide (ITO) scrap. The electrolyte used was a mixture of eutectic LiF-KF salt and InF₃ initiator, melted and operated at 700℃. Voltammetric analysis was performed to optimize InF₃ content in the electrolyte, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to determine the redox potentials of In metal and the electrolyte. The optimum initiator concentration was 7 wt% of InF₃, at which the diffusion coefficients were saturated. The reduction potential was controlled by applying constant current densities of 5, 10, and 15 mA/cm² using chronopotentiometry (CP) techniques. In metal from the In-Sn crude melt was deposited on the cathode surface and was collected in an alumina crucible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2011

Recently, the technology of surface treatment is being more important which affects the material cost reduction and substitution to the expensive material. The material used for the mechanical processing should have not only high intensity, but also strength toughness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. In order to increase the durability and have better quality of the parts using such kind of tooling material, various kinds of research of the surface hardening through many kinds of heat resources is being done and practically applied. In this study, the characteristics of hardening surface zone for high strength of the press die material through laser beam irradiation are researched. In this study, it is experimentally observed by the status of the surface morphology, tensile strength, the hardness distribution of the base metal and wear condition by the surface hardness pattern by the laser beam based on the process parameters of $CO_2$ laser by using SM45C and STD11 used for press tool. Through this research, the characteristics of surface hardened zone for high strength of the thin metal by laser beam irradiation is done.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.225-226
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• 2012

전기방사법으로 형성한 마이크로 크기의 실리카($SiO_2$) 코팅층 위에 광환원법(photo-reduction mothod)를 이용하여 나노 크기의 금속 나노입자를 형성하여 마이크로-나노 계층구조(hierarchical structure)의 코팅층을 형성하였다. 자외선(UV선) 조사강도 및 조사시간의 변화에 따른 미세구조 및 표면 평활도지수(roughness factor) 변화 거동을 관찰하였고, 이 코팅층에 불소화 처리를 하여 초소수성 표면을 형성하였다.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.25-37
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• 2020

In this study, hybridization of graphene oxide and metal was carried out by the functional groups containing oxygen and thermal treatment for reduction in order to enhance the electrical conductivity and magnetic properties of graphene materials. Graphene-metal hybrid materials were synthesized using the oxygen-containing functional groups (-OH, -COOH and so on) on the surface of graphene oxide by replacing them with metal ions via ion exchange method as well as thermal reduction. The metals used in this study were Fe, Ag, Ni, Zn, and Fe/Ag, and it was confirmed that metal particles of uniform size were well dispersed on the graphene surface through SEM, TEM, and EDS. All of the metal particles on the graphene surface had an oxide-crystalline structure. To check the electrical properties, sheet resistance of the rGO-metal hybrid sample was measured on the PET film made by the dip-coating, and the specific resistance was calculated by measuring the thickness of the specimen through SEM. As a result, the specific resistance was in the range of 2.14×10-5 and 3.5×10-3 ohm/cm.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.140-150
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• 2007

Thermochemical 2-step methane reforming, involving the reduction of metal oxide with methane to produce syngas and the oxidation of the reduced metal oxide with water to produce pure hydrogen, was investigated on ferrite-based metal oxide mediums. The mediums, CoFZ, CuFZ, or MnFZ, were composed of the mixture of M(M=Co, Cu or Mn)-substituted ferrite as an active component and $ZrO_2$ as a binder, respectively. The WZ medium, composed of the mixture of $WO_3$ and $ZrO_2$, was also prepared to compare. With an addition of $ZrO_2$, the surface area of the mediums was slightly increased and the sintering of active components was greatly suppressed during the reduction. The higher reactivity of the reduced mediums for water splitting was confirmed by the temperature programmed reaction. From the results of the thermochemical 2-step methane reforming, the reactivity of $CH_4$ reduction and water splitting with ferrite-based metal oxide mediums was relatively higher than that with WZ, and the order of reactivity of the mediums was MnFZ>CoFZ>CuFZ>WZ.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.121-127
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• 1986

There are many plating methods already commercially employed in te surface technology. One of the plating methods is electroless (chemical) plating, which is deposited by auto-catalytic reduction of metallic ion with the reducing agent in the plating bath. And it has many advantages comparing with electrolytic plating in respect of properties of deposit, such as corrosion resistance, wear resistance, uniformity, hardness, adhesion and so on. So, electroless plating is the fatest growing process in metallization of plastic and electronic industry. The properties and numerous applications of electroless deposits are attracting more and more attention from finish specifies. Many metal finishers are considering set-up of new electroless line in their shops. This review will be beneficial to domestic metal finishers to understand the real status of present electroless plating technology. It will also provide some knowledge on the economic aspect of electroless plating for the commercial application of specific parts.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 1995

This study was carried out by obsorving to the conditions of an oxide on the surface of alloy according to the conditions of its heat treatment and analysing the change in composition on its surface. The result of this study is summarized as fellows. 1. It was shown that the higher the more the generated metal oxide while the higher the temperature of heat treatment. 2. The metal oxide was manily composed of Ni and Cr oxides. 3. The Ni composition indicated reduction while the higher the heat treatment in vaccum condition. 4. The Cr composition indicated increase while the higher the heat treatment in vaccum condition.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.71-76
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• 2013

Gas nitriding is a surface hardening process where nitrogen is introduced into the surface of a ferrous alloy. During fusion welding of nitrided carbon steel, the nitride inside weld metal is dissolved and generates nitrogen gas, which causes porosities - blow holes and pits. In this study, several laser welding processes such as weaving welding, two-pass welding, dual beam welding and laser-arc hybrid welding were investigated to elongate the weld pool to enhance nitrogen gas evacuation. The surface pits were successfully eliminated with elongated weld pool. However blowholes inside the weld metal were effective reduced but not fully disappeared.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.586-590
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• 2006

As one of electro active polymers for soft smart materials, the ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) are easy to produce through chemical reduction processing and show high displacements at low voltage. When the IPMC actuates, the deformation depends on a few factors including the structure of based membrane, species and morphology of the metal electrodes, the nature of cations and the level of hydration. As previously published, we have been studying on improvement of actuation through surface electrode modification of IPMC to grasp the effect of electrode morphology on actuation. This study is comparative experiments through the chemical reaction and deposition by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) in order to prepare the very thin and homogeneous surface electrode of IPMC. The IPMCs were prepared with different surface roughness of polymer membrane, and the influence of the surface roughness on the actuation was studied. By investigating the electrical properties and driving displacement, the actuating properties of IPMC with different surface roughness were studied.