• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2005

Conventional non-destructive techniques for inspection of the weld in pipelines require significant test time and high cost. Ultrasonic guided waves have been widely studied and successfully applied to various non-destructive tests with advantage of the long-range inspection. In this paper, a study on the application of ultrasonic guided waves to the long-range inspection of the pipeline is presented using a long-range guided wave inspection system, Wavemaker SE16, GUL. The characteristics and setup of the long-range guided wave inspection system and experimental results in pipes of with various diameter are introduced. The experimental results in mock-up pipes with cluster type detects show that the minimum detectable wall thickness reduction with this guided wave system is $2\~3\%$ in the pipe cross section area. And the wall thickness reduction of $5\%$ in cross section area can be detected when actual detection level is used. Therefore, the applicability of the guided wave systeme to long-range inspection of wall thickness reduction in pipes is verified.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.483-490
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• 2009

This research was conducted to estimate the characteristics of carbon dioxide decomposition using an inorganic sludge. The inorganic sludge was composed of high amount (66.8%) of $Fe_2O_3$. Hydrogen could be reduced with 0.247, 0.433, 0.644, and 0.749 at 350, 400, 450, and $500^{\circ}C$, respectively. The carbon dioxide decomposition rates at 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and $500^{\circ}C$ were 32, 52, 35, 62, 75, and 84%, respectively. High temperature led to high reduction of hydrogen and better decomposition of carbon dioxide. The specific surface area of the sludge after hydrogen reduction was higher than that after carbon dioxide decomposition. The specific surface area of the sludge was more decreased with increasing of temperature.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.341-346
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• 2023

This study aimed to suggest an alternative income generation (AIG) for local artisanal fisheries communities in the southern coastal area of Bangladesh, which is vulnerable to climate change. To analyze the problems of local artisanal fisheries caused by climate change, field surveys and in-depth interviews with fishermen and government officials were conducted. Livelihood risk factor (LRF) in the marine fishing sector included reduction of fishing days and fish production and damage to fishing vessels and fishing gear due to cyclone and sea-level rise. LRF in the aquaculture sector included cultured fish escape, reduction of aquaculture production, and water pollution due to Monsoon flood. A common challenge for two sectors was high interest rate on commercial loans. Small-scale tank aquaculture is recommended as AIG for securing income of artisanal fisheries communities. In the early stages of dissemination of small-scale tank aquaculture technology, it is necessary to prevent fishermen from struggling to repay high-interest rate loans through technology transfer and facility support by official development assistance. The aquaculture training center, along with the technical education, will also contribute toward expansion of local distribution network and marketing support to establish a value chain for local artisanal fisheries communities.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.605-611
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze psychological and physiological effects accordance with viewing and walking in the forest and urban area. In the result of measurement of physiological reactions in nervous system, viewing of the forest had a calming effect on the nervous system by reducing blood pressure and heart rate. The other hand, viewing and walking in the urban area compared to the forest area raised stress by increasing blood pressure and heart rate. In addition, viewing in forest area was effective in stress relief by noticeable reduction of the amylase concentration. In contrast, walking in the urban area was also confirmed an increase of stress by increasing the concentration of the amylase. A viewing and walking in forest area was effective in alleviating depressed on anxiety, anger, fatigue and confusion.

• Carbon letters
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 2008

The adsorption and reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) by surface modified activated carbon (AC) in an aqueous solution was studied. The effects of surface modifications on the properties of the carbons were investigated by the analysis of specific surface area, carbon surface pH, acid/base surface values and functional groups. In order to understand the Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction ratio from Cr(VI) to Cr(III), the Cr adsorption capacity of AC was also measured and discussed by using inductively coupled plasma and UV spectrophotometer. The modifications bring about substantial variation in the chemical properties whereas the physical properties such as specific surface area, pore volume and pore size distribution nearly were not changed. Total Cr adsorption efficiency of as-received activated carbon (R-AC) and nitric acid treated activated carbon (N1-AC and N2-AC) were recorded on 98.2, 99.7 and 100%. Cr(III) reduction efficiency of R-AC increased largely from 0.4% to 28.3% compared to N1-AC and N2-AC.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
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• pp.427-427
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• 2015

The storm water management and drainage relation are the key variable that plays a vital role on hydrological design and risk analysis. These require knowledge about spatial variability over a specified area. Generally, design rainfall values are expressed from the fixed point rainfall, which is depth at a specific location. Concurrently, determine the areal rainfall amount is also very important. Therefore, a spatial rainfall interpolation (point rainfall converting to areal rainfall) can be solved by areal reduction factor (ARF) estimation. In mainland of South Korea, for dam design and its operation, public safety, other surface water projects concerned about ARF for extreme hydrological events. In spite of the long term average rainfall (2,061 mm) and increasing extreme rainfall events, ARF estimation is also essential for Jeju Island's water control structures. To meet up this purpose, five fixed rainfall stations of automatic weather stations (AWS) near the "Hancheon Stream Watershed" area has been considered and more than 50 years of high quality rainfall data have been analyzed for estimating design rainfall. The relationship approach for the 24 hour design storm is assessed based on ARF. Furthermore, this presentation will provide an outline of ARF standards that can be used to assist the decision makers and water resources engineers for other streams of Jeju Island.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2015

In 2014, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) agreed to submit the Intended Nationality Determined Contributions (INDCs) at the conference of parties held in Lima, Peru. Then, the South Korean government submitted the INDCs including GHGs reduction target and reduction potential on July, 2015. The goal of this study is to predict GHGs emission and to analyze reduction potential in agricultural sector of Korea. Activity data to estimate GHGs emission was forecast by Korea Agricultural Simulation Model (KASMO) of Korea Rural Economic Institute and estimate methodology was taken by the IPCC and guideline for MRV (Measurement, Reporting and Verification) of national greenhouse gases statistics of Korea. The predicted GHGs emission of agricultural sectors from 2021 to 2030 tended to decrease due to decline in crop production and its gap was less after 2025. Increasing livestock numbers such as sheep, horses, swine, and ducks did not show signigicant impact the total GHGs emission. On a analysis of the reduction potential, GHGs emission was expected to reduce $253Gg\;CO_{2-eq}$. by 2030 with increase of mid-season water drainage area up to 95% of total rice cultivation area. The GHGs reduction potential with intermittent drainage technology applied to 10% of the tatal paddy field area, mid-drainage and no organic matter would be $92Gg\;CO_{2-eq}$. by 2030.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2009

The Storm Water Management Model(SWMM) by EPA is a dynamic rainwater-runoff simulation model used for single event or long-term simulation of runoff quantity and quality from primarily urban areas. The SWMM simulation program is operated by the site area, the weather date, conduit plan etc. on reference region. The purpose of this study was to analyze flood area, the duration of flooded and surcharged on the reference region. Without rainwater stored tank, the area of flooded and surcharged on reference area is similar to the area of reference region. But, With rainwater stored tank, the area of flooded and surcharged on reference area is much reduced compared to without rainwater stored tank. According to SWMM simulation results, the rainwater stored tank is located closer to site is more effective for reduction of duration of flooded and surcharged and flow rate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.634-664
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 6개월간 폐경 여성을 대상으로 영양교육과 파워 워킹 프로그램을 실시한 영양교육군, 영양 교육 없이 파워 워킹 프로그램만 실시한 대조군으로 나눠 체중조절 프로그램을 실시 하였다. 그 결과, 두 군 모두 체중과 체질량 지수, 체지방량과 내장지방이 유의적으로 감소하였으나, 영양교육을 실시한 영양교육군에서 체중 감소율이 더 크게 나타났으며, 특히 폐경 여성들에게 문제 시 되고 있는 내장지방의 변화율이 더 유의적으로 감소하는 긍정적인 결과를 보였다. 또한 본 연구에서는 영양교육군 내에서 내장지방변화율에 따라 내장지방 감소율이 큰 군 (HVL group)과 내장지방 감소율이 적은 그룹 (LVL group)으로 나누어 체중조절 프로그램의 효과와 관련된 요인을 분석하였다. 그 결과 내장지방 감소율이 컸던 군에서 체중, BMI, 체지방, 복부지방, 내장지방 등의 체성분들의 변화율이 더 크게 나타났다. 혈압 및 혈액 성분에서는 수축기, 이완기 혈압과 총콜레스테롤, LDL 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 동맥 경화 지수의 개선 정도가 더 큰 결과를 보였다. 또한 내장지방 감소율이 컸던 군이 내장지방 감소율이 적은 군에 비해 단백질, 칼슘, 비타민C의 INQ와 칼슘, 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 $B_2$, 비타민 C의 MAR도 유의적으로 증가하여 식사의 질이 더 개선되었음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 단백질의 영양밀도 변화율은 체지방 분포의 변화율과 음의 상관관계를 나타낸 반면, 탄수화물 영양밀도의 변화율은 양의 상관관계를 나타내었고, 비타민 A 영양밀도 변화율은 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, 동맥경화 지수 변화율과 음의 상관관계를 보여, 영양교육에 따른 신체계측치 및 체성분의 변화가 영양소 섭취 변화와 관련이 있음을 보여주었다. 이는 영양 교육 및 중재에 있어 실천의 중요성을 강조하는 것으로 이를 위해서는 폐경 여성들의 대사적 특성과 더불어 생활 습관을 이해하고 만성 질병을 예방하고 올바른 식습관을 통해 건강한 삶을 유지할 수 있도록 식사의 균형성, 다양성을 포함한 권장 식사 지침을 제시하고, 적당한 식품 섭취량을 포함한 종합적인 프로그램을 개발하여야 할 것이다. 또한 이러한 페경 여성을 위한 전문적이며 체계적인 프로그램을 통해 폐경 이후 체중 및 체지방 증가를 예방하고, 나아가 만성질병을 예방, 관리할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.300-308
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• 2011

Purpose: The goal of reduction mammaplasty is breast with natural cone shape, minimizing scars, well-placed and sensate nipple-areolar area and maintaining breast physiology. In order to satisfy that goal, variable reduction mammaplasty methods are performed, however, two methods such as vertical reduction method and inverted T-scar method are currently most used. We compared indications and advantages of the two methods and set up useful guidlines. Methods: For 15 years from 1995 to 2010, we experienced 84 patients (162 breasts). We performed vertical reduction method as Lejour's superior pedicle technique (45 patients) and inverted T-scar method as Goldwyn's inferior dermal flap technique (39 patients). We evaluated the result of the operation comparing patient's age, amount of resected tissue, complications and post-operative scars of the two methods. Results: The mean age was 36 years and the vertical reduction group was 3 years younger than inverted T-scar group. The mean breast tissue resection amount per one breast, inverted T-scar group (712 gm) was lagger than vertical reduction group (395 gm). Conclusion: There is no ideal method for reduction mammaplasty until now. However, we suggest that guide line, the vertical reduction method is effective for minimal and moderate macromastia in young and middle aged women and inverted T-scar method is appropriate for severe macromastia with ptosis in elderly women. Recently, all procedures tried shorter and smaller scar on the vertical line as small I, J or L shape scar, and inframammary fold as short inverted T-scar.