• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1975

The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.140-152
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• 1998

배 경: 호흡부전의 치료에 있어 환자 체위를 prone position으로 하는 시도는 20년 전부터 보고되어 왔으며 폐산소화 및 심박출량 향상에 효과가 있다는 것이 알려져 있다. Prone position시 폐산소화의 호전은 임상 및 동물 실험에서 단락 감소에 의한 것으로 알려져 있으며 그 중요 기전은 supine position에 비해 prone position때 중력 의존부 폐의 늑막압이 더 작아 폐포 개방압이 줄어들기 때문인 바 저자 등은 prone position이 폐산소화에 미치는 효과는 supine position에서 사용한 PEEP의 폐포 고비 개방압과의 관계에 따라 달라질 것으로 추정하였다. Prone position에서의 심박출량 증가에 대하여는 양압환기시 발생하는 cardiac fossa lifting 현상이 prone position에 의해 완화될 수 있다는 주장이 제기된 바 있어 prone position이 또한 supine position에서 PEEP에 의해 초래된 심박출량 저하를 완화시킬 수 있는지를 잡종견 급성 폐손상 모델을 통해 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 잡종견 7 마리 ($20.0{\pm}3.9$ kg)를 정맥 마취 후 기관내관을 삽관하고 인공호흡기를 Vt 15 ml/kg, f 20/min, I : E=1 : 3, pause 10%, PEEP 0 cm $H_2O$, $F_1O_2$ 1.0으로 설정하였다. 혈압, 분당맥박수, 폐동맥쐐기압, 심박출량 등의 측정과 동맥혈가스분석을 위해 서혜동맥과 폐동맥 천자술을 시행하였다. 대조기에 supine position 및 prone position 30분에 각각 호흡 지표 ($PaO_2/F_1O_2$[P/F], 총호흡기계탄성 [Cst]와 supine position, prone position 5분 및 prone position 30분에 혈류역학적 지표(평균동맥압, 분당 맥박수, 심박출량, 박출용적)을 측정하고 섭씨 38도의 생리식염수 (30~50 ml/kg)를 기관내관을 통하여 주입하여 급성 폐손상을 유도한 뒤 constant flow 법에 의해 inflection point(Pflex)를 측정하였다. 급성 폐손상에서의 supine position과 prone position실험은 Pflex보다 2 cm $H_2O$ 낮은 PEEP(Low PEEP)과 2 cm $H_2O$ 높은 PEEP (Optimal PEEP)에서 순차적으로 시행하고 각각 통일 시간대에 상기 지표들을 측정하였으며 Optimal PEEP 실험 마지막에 다시 supin position으로 체위를 바꾸고 5분 뒤 혈류역학적 지표들을 측정하였다. 결 과: 1. Prone position 시행시 Low PEEP 및 Optimal PEEP에서의 호흡 효과의 차이 Low PEEP하에서 P/F 비는 supine position에서 $195{\pm}112$ mm Hg, prone position 30분에서 $400{\pm}33$ mm Hg였고 (p<0.001) Optimal PEEP하에서 P/F 비는 supine position에서 $466{\pm}63$ mm Hg, prone position 30분에서 $499{\pm}63$ mm Hg였다 (p=0.016). Prone position에 의한 P/F 비 싱승량은 Low PEEP하에서 $205{\pm}90$ mm Hg로 Optimal PEEP($33{\pm}33$ mm Hg) 하에서 보다 유의하게 높았다(각각 p<0.05). 2. Prone position의 혈류역학적 효과 Low PEEP하에서 심박출량은 supine position($3.0{\pm}0.7$ L/min) 과 비교하여 prone position 5분 $3.3{\pm}0.7$ L/min(p=0.0180)로 증가하였고 prone position 30분 $3.7{\pm}0.8$ L/min(p=0.0630)로 차이가 없었다. 분당맥박수는 각각 $141{\pm}22\;min^{-1}$, $141{\pm}22\;min^{-1}$(p=0.8658) 및 $176{\pm}28\;min^{-1}$(p=0.0280)이었고 폐동맥쐐기압은 차이가 없었다. Optimal PEEP하에서 평균동맥압은 각각 $87{\pm}19$ mm Hg, $107{\pm}18$ mm Hg(p=0.0180) 및 $108{\pm}16$ mm Hg(p=0.0180), 심박출량은 각각 $2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min, $3.3{\pm}0.6$ L/min(p=0.0180) 및 $3.6{\pm}0.7$ L/min(p=0.0180), 그리고 박출용적은 각각 $14{\pm}2$ml, $20{\pm}2$ ml(p=0.0180) 및 $21{\pm}2$ ml(p=0.0180)였다. 분당맥박수는 체위 변경에 따른 차이가 없었고 폐동맥쐐기압은 각각 $10.1{\pm}2.4$ mm Hg, $9.1{\pm}2.7$ mm Hg(p=0.0180) 및 $9.0{\pm}3.1$ mm Hg(p=0.0679) 이었다. Optimal PEEP하 prone position에서 다시 supine position으로 체위를 바꾸고 5분 후 평균동맥압은 $92{\pm}23$ mm Hg, 심박출량은 $2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min, 그리고 박출용적은 $14{\pm}1$ ml로 모두 감소하였다(모두 p<0.05). 결 론 : 잡종견 급성폐손상 모델에서 prone position은 비교적 낮은 수준 PEEP의 폐산소화 호전 효과를 중대시켰고, 비교적 놓은 수준 PEEP에 의한 심박출량 저하를 완화시켰다. 이러한 결과들은 심박출량을 유지하면서 폐산소화를 호전시키고자 하는 ARDS 환자에서의 기계환기의 목표를 달성하는데 있어 prone position이 supine position보다 유리하다는 것을 시사한다.