• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2019년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.107-108
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• 2019

The interlayer noise of the apartment house is a typical problem that reduces the quality of the residential environment. Therefore, many researchers have developed soundproofing materials that blocks noise between floors. However, most development technologies do not have the noise cut-off effect felt by residents, and may also have a defect in long-term deflection. In this respect, this study developed high-performance interlayer soundproofing material that can overcome existing problems. The developed technology has the noise reduction effect experienced by the residents and it has high durability without long-term deflection. Therefore, high-performance interlayer soundproofing material is expected to contribute to reducing disputes over noise between floors of apartment residents.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1191-1191
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• 2001

Generation of precise, accurate, and robust calibration models for spectroscopic methods of analysis can be time-consuming, expensive, and sometimes difficult to achieve. For these reasons, efforts have been made to find ways in which the calibration from one instrument can be moved to another with minimal performance reduction. A slight shift in nomenclature from the common term calibration transfer to the term calibration transport is used here to help resolve the subtle difference between two means of moving a calibration from one instrument to another. The former term denotes a transfer procedure that includes mathematical manipulation of the calibration data via some determined transfer function, whereas the latter term does not. Todays generation of process and laboratory FTNIR analyzers is capable of not only achieving calibration transfer, but also calibration transport often without the need of slope or bias adjustments. Several studies are used to examine the boundaries of the extent to which calibration transport is achieved in the refining industry. Data collected on multiple on-line and laboratory FTNIR analyzers located in multiple countries are considered, and the ultimate limitations discussed.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 음성 신호에 더해진 돌발 잡음을 제거하는 시스템을 제안한다. 제안한 돌발 잡음 제거 시스템은 중앙값 필터를 이용하여 돌발 잡음을 제거한다. 중앙값 필터는 잡음을 제거하는 과정에서 음성을 왜곡시킬 수 있기 때문에, 음성의 왜곡을 최소화하기 위하여 장구간 예측 필터를 전처리단으로 사용한다. 장구간 예측 필터로 보존된 음성 정보는 잡음이 제거된 후 다시 합성된다. 본 논문에서는 돌발 잡음이 존재하는 환경에서 음성의 정보를 보존하는데 있어 단구간 예측 필터의 문제점을 밝히고 장구간 예측 필터의 우수함을 보인다. 제안한 돌발 잡음 제거 시스템의 출력 신호는 입력 신호에 비해 음성이 존재하는 구간에서 신호 대 잡음비가 약 8dB 향상 되었으며, PESQ 점수가 약 1점 증가하였다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.654-659
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• 2009

Purpose: A botulinum toxin type A (BoNT - A) injection has been used as a noninvasive management for lower face contouring since 2000. The aim of this study was to compare reduction rate of lower face width for a longtime according to repeated Botox$^{(R)}$ injections on masseter muscles for lower face contouring procedure. Methods: Forty - five patients were analyzed for single session of Botox$^{(R)}$ injection and 13 patients were evaluated for repeated Botox$^{(R)}$ injections for over two years. Single injection group was tracked regular intervals at 1, 3, 6, 10, 12 months after injection, and repeated injection group was measured at every injection time. Twenty - five to thirty units of Botox$^{(R)}$ was injected into each masseteric muscle at five to six points at the prominent portions of the mandibular angle. Standardized frontal view of digital photographs were analyzed by Adobe Photoshop$^{(R)}$ (version CS3) to measure an reduction rate of lower face width. Results: Reduction rate was 3.7%, 6.9%, 6.2%, 4%, 4% at 1, 3, 6, 10, 12 months post injection each other in single injection group. However, more than 8% reduction rate was found in repeated injection group persistently for more than two years. Conclusion: This study shows that effective duration of Botox$^{(R)}$ injection for lower face contouring is expected to continue over one year clinically. Moreover, repeated injections maintained lower reduction rate consistently for a long time. Therefore, repeated injections on masseter muscles at regular intervals are most effective procedure for lower face contouring.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제65권2호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2023

The DOR (Drainage outlet raising) in the paddy field has been suggested as one of the most important best management practices for the TMDL (Total maximum daily load) management in the technical guidelines by the NIER (National institute of environmental research). However, this method is underestimated and is not well adopted by local governments for the TMDL. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the unit load reduction equation according to the application of DOR in order to expand this equation. The original equation in the guideline was derived using the HSPF (Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran) model for 1 year in Changnyeong. We analyzed the reduction effect of the original equation application by collecting additional long-term monitoring data from the Buan, Icheon, Iksan, and Jeonju. When comparing the reduction loads between the original equation and monitoring results, the evaluation results of the original equation were 11% of the monitoring analysis results, which was underestimated. This means that the original equation needs to be improved. For assessing the equation, the HSPF Paddy-RCH model was established according to the NI ER guideline and evaluated for applicability. The performance results of the model showed a reasonable range by the statistical criteria. Modified equations 1 and 2 were proposed based on the monitoring and modeling results. Modified equation 1 was the method of modifying the original equation's main factors, and modified equation 2 was the method of applying the non-point pollution reduction efficiency according to the rainfall class using the long-term modeling results. At the level of 58.6~64.6% of monitoring data, the difference between them could be further reduced compared to the original equation. The suggested approach will be more reasonable and practicable for decision-makers and will contribute to the TMDL management plans.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2017

To determine the effect of air pollution reduction policies, the long-term trend of air pollutants should be analyzed. Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter is a low-pass filter, produced through repeated iterations of a moving average to separate each variable into its temporal components. The moving average for a KZ(m, p) filter is calculated by a filter with window length m and p iterations. The output of the first pass subsequently becomes the input for the next pass. Adjusting the window length and the number of iterations makes it possible to control the filtering of different scales of motion. To break down the daily mean $PM_{10}$ into individual time components, we assume that the original time series comprises of a long-term trend, seasonal variation, and a short-term component. The short-term component is attributable to weather and short-term fluctuations in precursor emissions, while the seasonal component is a result of changes in the solar angle. The long-term trend results from changes in overall emissions, pollutant transport, climate, policy and/or economics. The long-term trend of the daily mean $PM_{10}$ decreased sharply from $59.6ug/m^3$ in 2002 to $44.6ug/m^3$ in 2015. This suggests that there was a long-term downward trend since 2005. The difference between the unadjusted and meteorologically adjusted long-term $PM_{10}$ is small. Therefore, we can conclude that $PM_{10}$ is unaffected by the meteorological variables (total insolation, daily mean temperature, daily mean relative humidity, daily mean wind speed, and daily mean local atmospheric pressure) in Busan.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.537-548
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: South Korea has been conducting the Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project since 2015 to reduce sodium contents in restaurant menus. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the sodium content of menus as determined by the Daegu Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project between 2015 and 2019. MATERIALS/METHODS: Intervention was aimed at reducing the sodium contents of over 10% of menu items in participating restaurants. On-site inspections and evaluations were conducted using a checklist, and reductions in sodium contents were determined by analyzing the salinities and sodium contents of menus after intervention. RESULTS: Post-intervention salinities and sodium contents were significantly lower than baseline values in 2016 (P < 0.001), 2017 (P < 0.001), 2018 (P < 0.001), and 2019 (P < 0.001). However, sodium contents and salinities differences before and after intervention were not significant in 2015. Sodium contents of more than 20% of menu items offered by restaurants that participated in the Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project for 2 yrs starting in 2016 declined by 28.9%. On the other hand, the sodium reduction rate achieved by restaurants that participated for 4 yrs from 2015 reached 55.4%. The percentage of restaurants that participated in the project increased annually, though some failed to be designated as Sodium Reduction Restaurants because they did not meet sodium reduction rate requirements. CONCLUSIONS: Positive correlations were found between duration of participation in the project and sodium reduction and designation rates. Sustainable long-term support at the national level is required to expand the project to other regions.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2007

The reduction behavior of silver ions to silver nanoparticles is an important topic in polymer/silver salt complex membranes to facilitate olefin transport, as this has a significant effect on the long-term performance stability of the membrane. In this study, the effects ofthe solvent type on the formation of silver nanoparticles, as well as the long-term membrane performance of a solid polymer/silver salt complex membrane were investigated. These effects were assessed for solid complexes of poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) $(PVP)/AgBF_4$, using either an ionic liquid (IL), acetonitrile (ACN) or water as the solvent for the membrane preparation. The membrane performance test showed that long-term stability was strongly dependent on the solvent type, which increased in the following order: IL > ACN >> water. The formation of silver nanoparticles was more favorable with the solvent type in the reverse order, as supported by UV-visible spectroscopy. The poor stability of the $(PVP)/AgBF_4$ membrane when water was used as the solvent might have been due to the small amount of water present in the silver-polymer complex membranes actively participating in the reduction reaction of the silver ions into silver nanoparticles. Conversely, the higher stability of the $(PVP)/AgBF_4$, membrane when an IL was used as the solvent was attributable to the cooperative coordination of silver ions with the IL, as well as with the polymer matrix, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.912-921
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• 2006

This study examines greenhouse gas reduction potentials in cement manufacturing industry of Korea. An energy system model in the MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) modeling framework was used in order to identify appropriate energy technologies and to quantify their possible implications In terms of greenhouse gas reduction. The model is characterized as mathematical tool for the long term energy system analysis provides an useful informations on technical assessment. Four scenarios are developed that covers the ti me span from 2000 to 2020. Being technology as a fundamental driving factor of the evolution of energy systems, it is essential to study the basic mechanisms of technological change and its role in developing more efficient, productive and clean energy systems. For this reasons, the learning curves on technologies for greenhouse gas reduction is specially considered. The analysis in this study shows that it is not easy to mitigate greenhouse gas with low cost in cement manufacturing industry under the current cap and trade method of Kyoto protocol.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.277-280
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• 1998

The treatment of anterior disc displacement without reduction patients needs speicific treatment methods different from other Craniomandibular Disorders. Those are manual manipulation, anterior repositioning splint; ARS and step-back. It is well known that the use of Anterior Repositioning Splint is effective on relief of TMJ symptom. But the side effect of long- term ARS wearing, which is irreversible posterior open bite induction, has made many clinicians avoid ARS treatment. This report introduces a clinical case recently proven part- time wearing ARS method for treatment of Disc Displacement without reduction patient' that can reduce side effects with good efficacy. But now clinical statistical studies and basical histophysiological studies are more needed.