• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.63-74
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• 2022

Objectives : Skin aging is generally characterized by wrinkles, sagging, loss of elasticity roughness, pigmentation and dryness. This changes is caused by reducing the elements constituting the extracellular matrix contributing to the physiological properties of the skin, such as collagen fiber, elastic fiber, and hyaluronic acid. Adequate skin hydration is important to maintain normal skin function and reduce skin aging. The present study is objective to observe skin moisturizing effects of Unripe apple(UA, Immature fruit of Malus pumila Mill) in vivo and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods : ICR mice were orally administerd UA(100, 200 and 400mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks, and skin water contents and the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-𝛽1, ceramide, hyaluronan and collagen type I(COL1) were measured in dorsal back skin of the mice. Gene expression of hyaluronan synthase(HAS1, HAS2, HAS3), collagen synthase(COL1A1, COL1A2) and TGF-𝛽1 were also determined by realtime RT-PCR. Results : Skin water contents and the expression of TGF-𝛽1, ceramide, COL1 and hyaluronan were significantly increased in UA group(100, 200 and 400mg/kg/day) compared to vehicle control. The mRNA expression of HAS isoform(HAS1, HAS2, HAS3), COL1A1, COL1A2, and TGF-𝛽1 were also significantly increased by UA. Conclusions : UA has skin moisturizing effects and enhancement activities in skin function related components(COL1, hyaluronan, ceramide and TGF-𝛽1). These results suggested that UA can be a developing candidate for developing alternative skin protective agent or functional food ingredient.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.49-62
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• 2022

The magnesium and iron-based layered double hydroxide (Mg-Fe LDH) was synthesized by the co-precipitation process and the bead type LDH (BLDH, 5~6 mm in diameter) was manufactured by using the Mg-Fe LDH and the starch as a binder. To evaluate the feasibility of the BLDH as the As stabilizer in the soil, various experiments were performed and the As stabilization efficiency of the BLDH was compared to that of powdered type LDH (PLDH, <149 ㎛ in diameter). For the As sorption batch experiment, the As sorption efficiency of both of the PLDH and the BLDH showed higher than 99%. For the stabilization experiment with soil, the As extraction reducing efficiency of the PLDH was higher than 87%, and for the BLDH, it was higher than 80%, suggesting that the BLDH has similar the feasibility of As stabilization for the contaminated soil, compared to the PLDH. From the continuous column experiments, when more than 7% BLDH was added into the soil, the As stabilization efficiency of the column maintained at over 91% for 7 pore volume flushing (simulating about 21 months of rainfall) and slowly decreased down to 64% after that time (to 36 months) under the non-equilibrium conditions. Results suggested that more than 7% of BLDH added in As-contaminated soil could be enough to stabilize As in soil for a long time. The main As fixation mechanisms on the LDH were also identified through the X-ray fluorescence (XRF), the X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses. Results showed that the LDH has enough of an external surface adsorption capacity and an anion exchange capability at the interlayer spaces. Results of SEM/EDS and BET analyses also supported that the Mg-Fe LDH used in this study has sufficient porous structures and outer surfaces to fix the As. The reduction of carbonate (CO₃^2-) and sulfate (SO₄^2-) anions in the LDH after the reaction between As and the LDH was observed through the FT-IR, the XRF, and the XRD analyses, suggesting that the exchange of some of these anions with the arsenate (H₂AsO₄^- or HAsO₄^2-) occurs at the LDH interlayers during the stabilization process in soil.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2008

We have investigated the efficacy and efficiency of the used briquets for the sewage treatment in this study. The effluent of wastewater treated by Used Briquets Process (UBP) showed very low values of $BOD_5$, CODcr, and SS (1.1 mg/L, 9.5 mg/L, and 3.8mg/L, respectively), which corresponded to 99%, 92.7%, and 96.3% of removal efficiency to the raw wastewater. The number of total bacteria and E. coli in the effluent water treated by UBP was found to be 9 and 1.2 cfu/ml, respectively, showing the remarkable decrease in number, when compared to that of other sewage treatment plants. In the long period of experiment over 1 year, UBP has also shown the high removal efficiency with less sludge production, and low seasonal fluctuation of the values. This UBP is very environmentally-friendly process in the aspects of recycling used briquets and reducing the sludge production. We think that this process will be useful for both the small-scale sewage treatment and reuse of the effluent water.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.234-241
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic effects of telepresence system for public sector relocation. As a Green IT system, the importance of telepresence is being recognized increasingly as a means to replacing a majority of business trips and thereby reducing greenhouse gases emitted in the process. However, there are only a few related researches that analyze the economic effects of telepresence at the moment. This study conducts the cost-benefit analysis of 157 public sectors which are to relocate from 2012 based on the sample case of National Information Society Agency. The results obtained reveals that telepresence would save about 180 billion won and reduce about 580t $CO_2$ emission. This study are expected to provide the academic framework for organizations contemplating the adoption of Green IT system moving forward.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2015

Currently, Eco-friendly construction materials are widely utilized for reducing $CO_2$ emission in construction. Furthermore various engineering fibers are also added for improving a brittle behavior in concrete. In the paper, concrete specimens with 10% and 20% replacement ratio with RHA (Rice Husk Ash) are prepared, and engineering behaviors in RHA and OPC concrete are evaluated with different addition of coconut fiber from 0.125~0.375% of volume ratio. Several basic tests including compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and bond strength are performed, and crack width and deflections are also measured in flexural test. RHA is evaluated to be very effective in strength development and 0.125% of fiber addition leads significant improvement in tensile strength, ductility, and crack resistance. RHA and coconut fiber are effective construction material both for reutilization of limited resources and performance improvement in normal concrete.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.194-201
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• 2009

The e1ectrocatalytic properties of heteropolyacids(HPAs) entrapped in covalently cross-linked sulfonated polyetheretherketone(CL-SPEEK/HPA) membranes have been studied for water electrolysis. The HPAs, including tungstophosphoric acid(TPA), molybdophosphoric acid(MoPA), and tungstosilicic acid(TSiA) were used as additives in the composite membranes. The MEA was prepared by a non-equilibrium impregnation-reduction(I-R) method, using reducing agent, sodium borohydride(NaBH4) and tetraamineplatinum(II) chloride(pt(NH$_3$)$_4$Cl$_2$). The electrocatalytic properties of composite membranes such as the cell voltage were in the order of magnitude CL-SPEEKlMoPA40 (wt%) > /TPA30 > /TSiA40. In the optimum cell applications for water electrolysis, the cell voltage of PtlPEM/Pt-Ru MEA with CL-SPEEKlTPA30 membrane was 1.75 V at 80$^{\circ}$C and I A/cm$^2$ and this voltage carried lower than that of 1.81 V of Nafion 117. Consequently, in regards of electrochemical and mechanical characteristics and oxidation durability, the newly developed CL-SPEEKITPA30 composite membrane exhibited a better performance than the others, but CLSPEEKlMoPA40 showed the best electrocatalytic activity (1.71 Vat 80$^{\circ}$C and 1 A/cm$^2$) among the composite membranes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1973

In order to study the effect of gamma-ray on the storage stability and quality of polished wheat, the grain was irradiated at $50{\sim}1000$ krad levels and quality assessment was made for three-month storage period. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Growth of molds was apparent at equilibrium moisture content above 14.8% of the grain, but their growth was retarded at 250 krad level. 2) Irradiation at 250 krad level had no adverse effect on fat acidity, reducing sugar content and color of the grain. 3) Irradiation of the grain caused the increase of degree of gelatinization and the decrease of viscosity. 4) Irradiation at 250 krad level brought about higher digestibility of the grain but had no effect on the rate of retrogradation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.183-193
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• 2013

In 2011, neighborhood parks occupied a total area of $280,135,257m^2$ in small and medium sized city areas and this excluded the metropolitan regions. In the rural area, the park area per person($22.64m^2$) is larger than the urban area($9.50m^2$). It is a questionable why there is a higher park ratio in the rural area compared to the cities, where the function of the neighborhood parks is not being utilized well. But, there are already a lot of parks that has been constructed in the rural areas and a lot of money is being spent in maintaining them. Hence, rather than reducing the number of "country parks", it can be suggested that these "country parks" ought to be utilized in a different manner than the parks in the city. In that point of view, this study examined the issues of the country park usage along with the utilization of the local festivals within the parks. Firstly in this context, this study compared the amount of neighborhood parks between small and medium sized cities and metropolitan areas, and analyzed those results. Secondly, daily newspaper articles were collected and categorized to find the usage of the rural park which were then analyzed. Then, the extraction of the essential points in composing the festival space was carried out. Also, the general design guides of making the neighborhood parks were drawn. Last but not least, using these two resources, this study suggested design guidelines for using neighborhood parks as a Festival Space in small and medium sized cities.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.181-190
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• 2016

Regional air quality regulation is a system that allows the Minister of Environment to designate the local area as air quality control region where the concentrations of air pollutants are exceeding the environmental standards, and the local governments that administrate the regulated area have to develop and practise a plan for reducing the air pollutants. From the data observed yearly by the monitoring stations in 8 provincial cities with more than 0.5 million people was judged the compliance with air quality standards in each municipality for the period of 2003 to 2013. As the result of investigation on air pollutants concentrations of each city, it was found that there was no station that exceeds the ambient air quality standards of CO, $SO_2$ and 24-hour $NO_2$. But all municipalities exceeded the standards of 8-hour $O_3$, annual and 24-hour $PM_{10}$, and therefore 8 municipalities can be designated to be under the local air regulation. For the annual $NO_2$ were the monitoring sites necessary requirements for designation of the air quality regulation region in Cheongju, Cheonan, Daejeon and Gwangju area. Incase of 1-hour $O_3$, some of stations in Pohang, Cheongju, Cheonan and Changwon area were over the designation standards for the air quality control region.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1594-1605
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• 2001

In this study, a numerical simulation was developed which was capable of predicting the characteristics of NO formation in pilot scale combustor adopting the air-staged burner flame. The numerical calculation was constructed by means of establishing the mathematical models fur turbulence, turbulent combustion, radiation and turbulent nitric oxide chemistry. Turbulence was solved with standard k-$\xi$ model and the turbulent combustion model was incorporated using a two step reaction scheme together with an eddy dissipation model. The radiative transfer equation was calculated by means of the discrete ordinates method with the weighted sum of gray gases model for CO$_2$and H$_2$O. In the NO chemistry model, the chemical reaction rates for thermal and prompt NO were statistically averaged using the $\beta$ probability density function. The results were validated by comparison with measurements. For the experiment, a 0.2 MW pilot multi-air staged burner has been designed and fabricated. Only when the radiation was taken into account, the predicted gas temperature was in good agreement with the experimental one, which meant that the inclusion of radiation was indispensable for modeling multi-air staged gas flame. This was also true of the prediction of the NO formation, since it heavily depended on temperature. Subsequently, it was found that the multi-air staged combustion technique might be used as a practical tool in reducing the NO formation by controlling the peak flame temperature.