• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.566-572
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• 2009

This study was designed to elucidate the quantities of milk nutrients entrapped during cholesterol removal from milk by crosslinked $\beta$-cyclodextrin ($\beta$-CD, 0.4~1.2%, w/v) and to evaluate the amounts of the residual $\beta$-CD in cholesterol-reduced milk treated by crosslinked $\beta$-CD. The content of lactose in the control milk (without treatment by crosslinked $\beta$-CD) was 4.86%, and the amounts of lactose entrapped by crosslinked $\beta$-CD ranged from 0.00 to 0.03%. The total amounts of the entrapped short-chain free fatty acid (FFA) and free amino acid (FAA) ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 ppm and from 0.28 to $0.71{\mu}mol/mL$, respectively. The amounts of the entrapped water-soluble vitamins (L-ascorbic acid, niacin, thiamine and riboflavin) ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 ppm, 0.01 to 0.06 ppm, 0.00 to 0.06 ppm and 0.01 to 0.06 ppm, respectively. The entrapped amounts of lactose, short-chain FFAs, FAAs and water-soluble vitamins were not remarkably affected by the concentrations of crosslinked $\beta$-CD (0.4~1.2%, w/v). Only very small amounts of residual $\beta$-CD in the cholesterol-removed milk were measured (1.22~3.00 ppm). Based on the data obtained from the present study, it was concluded that the amounts of entrapped nutrients were negligible during cholesterol removal from milk by crosslinked $\beta$-CD, and only trace amounts of residual $\beta$-CD were present in cholesterol-removed milk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1132-1141
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• 1996

To provide approprate nutrition informatios and guidelines for the healthy school lunch program(SLP) menus, the nutritional quality of the SLP and the nutrients that affect the food cost of SLP were evaluated after analysis of recipes and food price lists of 776 menus collected from 10 elementary SLP schools in Seoul and Kyunggi province in Korea in the year of 1995. Index of nutritional quality of SLP menus were good enough, showing over 1.0 in all nutrients except vitamin A(0.86) in kyunggi province. The percent of calories from carbohydrates, protein and fat was 52%, 16% and 32%, while the polyunsaturated fatty acid/monousaturate fatty acid/saturated fatty acid(P/M/S) ratio was 1.0/0.95/1.15. On the other hand, the nutrient-cost evaluation showed that the most expersive nutrient for the RDA(Recommended Dietary Allowance) standard of SLP was origined from the cost of energy and vitamin A. In Pertary correlation analyses, the cost of SLP meals was positively asociated with energy(r=0.244, p<0.001), protein(r=0.306, p<0.001) and carbohydrate(r=0.159, p<0.001) in diet, while the most important predictor of the cost of SLP meal provides sufficient nutrients with enough calories, but fat level is somewhat higher than the suggested value from Dietary Guidelines for Koreans. These data also suggest that meals which could offer enough vitamin A might be included in SLP menus and the cost of a SLP meal can be reduced when choosing the cheap protein source food.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2000

Populations both in the US and worldwide are aging. It is projected that by the year 2030 the population of Americans over 65 will increase to 70 million, more than twice their number in 1998. About one-third of elderly over the age of 65 have debilitating chronic health conditions that greatly impede their activities. Age-associated chronic diseases are believed to be associated with free radicals and the imbalance in antioxidant and oxidative stress contributes to development of several chronic health conditions. Diet and nutrients can have great impact in the health status of elderly. Several factors may contributor to the inadequate consumption of nutrients in elderly, including an inability to chew food adequately, polypharmacy, living along and limited income. Low intake of energy and several micronutrients are common among the elderly. Although overt deficiency of nutrients among the elderly is not common. a recent study showed that while elderly consume more fat, the total energy intake is low among the elderly. Inadequate intake of antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin E in elderly may contribute to the development of chronic health problems. Intake of higher than normal RDA levels of vitamin E for long periods of time has been shown to reduce the risk of many degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases(CVD) and cancer, and improve immune response in elderly. High intake of other antioxidants is also associated with reduced risk chronic diseases. Dietary antioxidants are abundant in fruits and vegetables. However, due to variety of factors, the elderly may not be able to receive these and other micronutrients through diet. Therefore, supplemental intake of micronutrients in the form of multi vitamins/minerals and/or specific micronutrients is a more practical approach to the maintenance of health status in the elderly.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2006

We studied the effects of intake of the steamed bean powder(SB) and chungkukjang powder(CK) on blood parameters such as glucose, albumin, GOT, GPT, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total-/HDL-/LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride, and blood antioxidant nutrients such as retinol, tocopherols and carotenes in 26 college women. There were 2 groups, one group had 13 participants who consumed 30g SP and second group (13 participants) consumed 30g CK daily for 4 weeks. The study compared before with after SP/CK intake. The average age of the participants was 22.1 years, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of all parameters before the study. The energy intake showed no significant differences between before and after SP/CK intake. C(carbohydrate) propotion was reduced, and P(protein) and F(fat) ratio were increased after 4 week intake of SP/CK. Indices of nutritional quality(INQ) of protein(p<0.01), iron(p<0.05), zinc(p<0.05), vitamin C(p<0.05) were significantly increased after SP intake, and those of protein(p<0.05) and zinc also increased after CK intake. There were no significant differences in TG, total-/HDL-/LDL-cholesterol before and after SP/CK intake. The CK intake group showed the reduction only in retinol level in blood(p<0.05). Some students reported the improvement of the constipation and the regularity of the bowel elemination, and some students experienced the prolongation effects on one's monthly days after SP/CK intake. In this study, we could see the effect of improvement in some nutrients intake, but no effect in blood parameters by SP/CK intake for 4 weeks. That reason might be that the participants were healthy young women, or the trail period was not enough long to change.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.418-427
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• 2010

In the four swamps of Jjokjibeol, Mokpo, Upo and Sajipo in the Upo wetland, the nitrogen nutrients, phosphorus nutrients and chl-$\alpha$ had been observed during the period from April 2005 to December 2009 on monthly basis. Based on the results, the fluctuations of trophic state in the Upo wetland were estimated. Measurements of the nitrogen nutrients such as $NO_3$-N, $NH_3$-N and T-N showed to be generally decreased in comparison with those in the precent studies. Yet the T-N was still considerably higher than the general concentration level of eutrophication and algal blooming. $PO_4$-P and T-P showed to have reduced considerably in comparison to precedent studies. However, T-P also turned out to be dissolved over the nutrient standard. Nitrogen nutrients and phosphorus nutrients were the lowest in Jjokjibeol in the Upo wetland. The chl-$\alpha$ concentrations were the highest at summer periods in Jjokjibeol and Mokpo. However, the highest at non-summer periods in Upo and Sajipo. Among the four swamps, Upo had the highest density on average of chl-$\alpha$, and Mokpo the lowest. Through TRIX (Trophic Index) analysis evaluating trophic state of the Upo wetland, all four swamps were estimated of poor water quality (eutrophication).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2005

Nutrients are built up in paddy soils after greenhouse vegetable cultivations with relatively high rates of chemical fertilizers and composts during winter season, and the continuous nutrient accumulation is problematic in crop cultivation. Rice cultivation after greenhouse vegetables is one option for removing the accumulated nutrients in the soils. The object of this experiment was to examine the effect of reduced fertilization to rice on the removal of accumulated soil nutrients and rice yield in greenhouse vegetables and rice cropping system. Experiments were carried out at Changwon and Uiryeong in Gyeongnam province in 2001. The cropping systems were watermelon-rice and pumpkin-watermelon-watermelon-rice in Changwon and Uiryeong, respectively. The soils were Gangseo series (coarse loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aquic Fluventic Eutrochrepts) at Changwon and Hampyeong series (fine loamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts) at Uiryeong. Treatments of conventional fertilization ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=11-4.5-5.7$, $kg\;10a^{-1}$), no basal fertilization, no top dressing, and no fertilization were included in the experiments. Plant growth and total nitrogen content in the plant were greater as the amount of fertilizer applied were increased. Whereas $SiO_2/T-N$ rate in rice plant and nitrogen use efficiency were greater as the amount of fertilizer applied were reduced. Rice yields were not significantly different among the treatments of conventional, no top-dressed, and no-basal fertilization in Uiryeong, and the rice yields were significantly also not different between the treatments of conventional and no top-dressed in Changwon. The removal of salts in soils after rice cultivation was the highest at the treatment of no-basal fertilization in both of the sites. Therefore, reduced fertilization for rice cultivation after greenhouse vegetables could remove salts accumulated in paddy soils without any significant reducing of rice yield.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.349-355
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• 2003

We developed a dietary supplement using natural herbs and nutrients for the growth and exercise performance improvement. It called 50-22 supplement containing distilled extracts of natural herbs to remove bitterness and the addition of Vitamin B1, B6, Ca and xylitol. We investigated on the effect of 10-22 supplementation on the maximal exercise performance, IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor-1) concentration and antioxidant activity in SD rat model. In result, JR-22 supplement group was better than control group about 10％ in exercise performance test and increased about 63％ of IGF-1 concentration in blood. In addition, the oxidative damage induced by exercise was reduced by JR-22 supplementation. Therefore, we suggested that 50-22 supplementation enhanced effectively exercise performance and IGF-1 concentration and reduced to oxidative stress in muscles. Also, we analysed biochemical factors in blood for the safety of JR-22 supplement. We known that there is no change of blood lactic acid, ammonia, inorganic phosphorous ion and creatine kinase activity. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(3) : 349∼355, 2003)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.250-253
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• 2002

Remediation of groundwater using zero valent iron filings has received considerable attention in recent years. However, zero valent iron is gradually transformed to iron(III) oxides at permeable reactive barriers, so the reduction of iron(III) oxides can enhance the longevity of the reactive barriers. In this study, microbial reduction of Fe(III) was performed in anaerobic condition. A medium contained nutrients similar to soil solution. The medium was autoclaved and deoxygenated by purging with 99.99% $N_2$ and pH was buffered to 6, while the temperature was regulated as 2$0^{\circ}C$. Activity of iron reducing bacteria were not affected by chlorinated organics but affected by iron(III) oxide. Although perchloroethylene(PCE) was not degraded with only ferric oxide, PCE was reduced to around 50% with ferric oxide and microorganism. It shows that reduced iron can dechlorinate PCE.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.411-417
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• 2014

The performance of the new aerobic digestion system combined with inorganic sludge separation unit and sludge solubilization unit, CaviTec II, is evaluated. Anaerobic digester effluent sludge is used for feed sludge of CaviTec II system. By addition of CaviTec II, the amount of cake generated is reduced by 27%, and the soluble nitrogen is reduced by 92%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.824-829
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• 2000

A five wk feeding experiment was conducted with day-old one thousand broiler chicks (Arbor Acres) to determine the effects of microbial phytase (Natuphos$^{(R)}$) supplemented to low nonphytate P (NPP) corn-soy diets. Five pens of 50 mixed sex birds each were randomly assigned to each of the four dietary treatments: T1, control diet containing normal NPP level; T2, T1-0.1% NPP+600 U of phytase/kg diet; T3, T1 - 0.2% NPP+600 U of phytase/kg diet; and T4, T1 - 0.3% NPP+600 U of phytase/kg diet. T1, T2, and T3 showed similar growth rate, feed intake, and feed efficiency, indicating that NPP level in broiler diets could be reduced by approximately 0.2% by the microbial phytase supplementation. But T4 showed significantly (p<0.05) lower weight gain than others. The phytase supplementation improved P availability resulting in low P excretion. Weight and girth of metatarsal bone were increased by phytase supplementation at low NPP diet treatments but ash contents were not significantly different. It can be concluded that NPP level of corn-soy broiler diets can be safely lowered by approximately 0.2 % by supplementing 600 U of microbial phytase/kg diet. With the adjusted level of NPP and phytase supplementation, P excretion could be reduced by 50%.