• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 1994

As the way of mass process of red pepper, extraction of oleoresin, which is labile during distribtuion and long-term storage, is alternative way to minimize markdown of red pepper quality. Changes of carotenoid pigments in modified oleoresin during cooking at high temperature were investigated. Dried red peperwas milled to 100 mesh of size particle and oily compounds were extracted by reduced pressure steam distillation. The rest part was reetracted and concentrated. The extracts were combined . The same volume of water and 4 % of polyglycerol condensed ricinoleate (PGDR) were added to the combined extract, and emulsified to make oleroesin. Capsanthin among dried red pepper, was the most abundant carotenoid (97.80mg%) followed by $\beta$ -cartoene, cryptoxanghin ,violaxanthin, crypotocapsin, and capsorubin. Oleoresin is acquiesce in the same order of raw red pepper. Transmittal of color components from raw red pepper to oleroresin was over 85% in cryptoxanthin, crytocapsin, and $\beta$ -carotene, over 70% in capsolutein and hydroxycapsolutein, and under 50% in antheraxanthin and mutatoxanthi Crytocapsin cryptoxanthin, an capsorubin in oleoresin red pepper were remained 72.1, 51.8 and 25.25, respectively, after cooking for 5hours at10$0^{\circ}C$. Color compounds were unsteady by cooking , About 90% of color compounds were destroyed by 3 hours cooking at 15$0^{\circ}C$. But, they were more thermostable under nitrogen circumstance than air one.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1493-1498
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• 2012

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of substituting Amaranthus pigments for nitrates in the of manufacture pork sausage. Five treatments of pork sausages (5% fat) with two levels of sodium nitrite (0 and 0.015%), or three levels (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) of pigments extracted from red Amaranthus were produced. The addition of Amaranthus pigments resulted in the significant increase of $a^*$ values, sensory color, flavor and overall acceptance scores, but the significant reduction of $b^*$ values, TBA values and VBN values (p<0.05). Based mainly on the results of overall acceptance during 29 d storage, it could be concluded that Amaranthus pigments showed a potential as nitrite alternative for pork sausage manufacture.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.33-36
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• 2002

In vertebrate rhodopsins the glutamic acid at position 113 serves as a counterion to stabilize the protonated retinylidene Schiff base linkage and to shift the spectrum to the visible region. Invertebrate rhodopsins and retinochrome have the amino acid residue different from glutamic acid or asparatic acid at this position and therefore, these pigments may have a counterion at different position. We first investigated the counterion in retinochrome by site specific mutagenesis. The results showed that the counterion is the glutamic acid at position 181, where almost of all the pigments including vertebrate and invertebrate rhodopsins in the rhodopsin family have a glutamic acid or an aspartic acid. In vertebrate rhodopsins, however, Glu 181 does not act as a counterion, and the red-sensitive cone pigments have a histidine at this position, which serves as a chloride-binding site for red-shift of the absorption spectrum. These findings suggested that the role of Glu181 as a counterion may be weakened by the newly acquired counterion at position 113. Taken together with our recent studies on an invertebrate-type rhodopsin, the rhodopsin diversity was discussed from viewpoint of counterion.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.134-138
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• 1993

Monascus anka 732Y3 was induced from Monascus anka KFCC 11832 (IFO 4478, ATCC 16360) by ultra-violet light irradiation. The growth of this new fungus is frequently more dependent on sexual propagation than asexual propagation, compared with that of its parental strain, M. anka KFCC 11832. Less conidia than those of M. anka KFCC 11832 were observed by a microscope. The optical density of the red pigments ($OD_{500}$) produced by M. anka 732Y3 was 157, which was about 10 times higer than that of M. anka KFCC 11832. Such high production of the red pigments by the mutant could be explained by the following observations.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.321-324
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• 2000

The Effect of pH red pigment production by Monascus purpureus ATCC 16365 has been studied in pH-controlled batch fermenter culture. A maximum of yellow and red pigments were detected using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 385nm and 495nm, respectively. Fungal growth and pigment production were favoured at low pH(pH 4.0-5.5). Especially extracellular formation rate of orange to yellow pigment was decreased compared with that of orange to red pigment at pH 7.0. In addition, the enhancement of ratio of extracellular to intracellular pigment and the red pigment production in pH 7.0-controlled batch fermenter was observed. However, the pH 7.0-controlled batch cultures depressed the total production of pigments. The pH change from 4.0 to 7.0 during batch fermenter cultivations sharply increased both red pigment production and the extracellular composition.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.28
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• pp.121-147
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• 2007

A large variety of mineral pigments has been used for Korean paintings and it has known that organic pigments have been used together on the Buddhist painting and the portrait. Haehakbando-do, which is from Honolulu Academy Museum in the United States, 12-fold screen was commissioned by Court of the late Joseon Dynasty in order to pray for the King's longevity. Therefore, it seems that all material used including pigments were selected very carefully and a great deal of technical effort was gone into its process. The purposes of this research were to estimate the pigments and the contributory elements of each color used on Haehakbando-do, in accordance with the conservation treatment carried out by Gochang Conservation Institute throughout last year. Without extracting sample, property of pigment was measured by nondestructive method, X-ray spectral analysis, and by comparing with the data about ancient pigments. In spite of the limited range of pigment analysis by nondestructive method, it should be noted that this method would not cause damage to the cultural properites. White pigment was found in all colored parts except the background, so it can be suggested that white color was used as a grounding of other color pigments. This would be flake white[$2PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$] as Pb was found. Pb was the only element could be found in yellow, however, it can be organic pigment like Gamboge as same as background. Red would be Cinnabar (HgS) as hydrargyrum (Hg) was detected. For the light purple in cloud, organic pigments were probably used since any element is not detected except for Pb, which is used for background. It is possible that green color is the mixture of Malachite[$CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$] and Azurite [$2CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$], which share Cu as their main element. Azurite[$2CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$] was used for bluish pigments. Black is carbon compound. For gold, solid gold (Au) was detected. It shows that gold was gilded on the flake white background. Red painted on the frame of screen was identified as Cinnabar (HgS) and the gold pattern was solid gold (Au). The supporting leg of folding screen was made of brass because both copper and zinc were detected. In conclusion, white pigment was used as grounding of all colors of Haehakbando-do, and specific pigments were used for each color. Additionally, result from the analysis of several pigments shows that mineral pigment and organic pigment, or different mineral pigments were mixed to make various colors.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.46-49
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• 2008

Anthocyanin pigments from varieties of black, red and wild rice were identified and quantified to evaluate their potential as nutritional function, natural colorants or functional food ingredients. Anthocyanin extraction was conducted with acidified methanol with 0.1M HCl (85:15, v/v) and identification of anthocyanin, aglycone and sugar moieties was conducted by comparison with purified standards by HPLC, Ultraviolet-Visible absorption spectrophotometer and paper chromatography. Black and wild rice showed three different types of pigments by HPLC whereas red rice variety did not show any anthocyanins. Out of three pigments detected, one (peak 2) was characterized as cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) by comparison of spectroscopic and chromatographic properties with an authentic standard, and another (peak 3) was tentatively identified as cyanidin-fructoside on the basis of spectroscopic properties with ${\lambda}_{max}$ of aglycone in 1% HCl methanol at 537 nm, electrospray ionization mass spectra with major ions at 449 and 287 m/z and chromatographic properties. But another pigment (peak 1) has not been characterized. The most abundant anthocyanin in black and wild rice was C3G.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

A new method for competent extraction of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linnaeus) colorants by using ultrasonic device was developed. When comparing to general extraction method, the ultrasonic method showed high extraction efficiency of safflower pigments. Ultrasonic method gave a higher extraction yield of red and yellow safflower pigments than using general method. It is supposed that the extraction efficiency is to be attributed to high vibration energies from ultrasound and finally induced physical changes of the pigments. Furthermore, this study explored the effects of ultrasonic treatment into the extracted safflower pigments on dyeing of cotton fabrics. Ultrasonic treatment into the extracted pigments exhibited significantly improved dyeing properties for the cotton fabrics.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.357-366
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• 2017

Natural pigments are materials that express color and have been used in foods, cosmetics, medicine and so on. Since natural pigments are extracted from animals and plants, they are not uniform in size. Red pigments in particular are more lipophilic than other color pigments and tend to aggregate easily in aqueous solutions which make it difficult to reproduce the specific color due to size change. Found to be an allergen and the growing aversion for it to be used in foods, cochineal pigment, an animal pigment used for red pigments is being used less. In this study, red vegetable pigment lycopene extract and gardenia yellow was made uniform in size by ball-milling, then asymmetrical flow-field flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to measure the size, and a color meter was used to confirm the color. Experimental results showed that the pigment particles were large in size and size distribution was wide before milling, but the size of the particles decreased and size distribution narrowed after milling. Color meter measurements showed that as the milling time increased, the size of the pigment particles decreased and the brightness, redness, and yellowness increased indicating a bright red color.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.245-260
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• 2015

The effect of salt milling process on the crystal size, morphology, and color characteristics of C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 was studied. The primitive morphology and color properties of the pigment after synthesis were studied in the former series work. The size and morphology of primary particles and the second aggregation features should be considered because they are very important to determine pigment quality. We compared the primary morphology of pigment particles before drying with the secondary aggregated morphology of pigment particles after drying and salt milling process. Morphological properties were investigated by particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy and color measurement was carried out. Significant reduction in particle size as well as enhanced crystallite size after salt milling process was observed. This result might give a difference in color of the pigment, turning into brighter and more blue-toned red color. It was revealed that synthesis condition affect the morphology and color of the pigment even after milling. Increase in HCl concentration in the synthesis process enhanced crystal size and quality forming bluer-red pigments but an increase in $CaCl_2$ concentration resulted in more amorphous crystals forming darker-red pigments after salt milling.