• 한국의류학회지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1020-1031
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• 1998

This study was done to investigate thermal reponses and to obtain the basic information of thermal comfort by sex and posture under the Ondol heating system. Six healthy males and females were exposed to Ondol(Room Temp.: 25$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$10%R.H, Floor Temp.:30$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$) on the of posture such as sitting, lying aside and supine on the floor for 30 minutes after 30 minutes' control phase. During the experiment, rectal temperature, skin temperature of 10 areas, local sweating rate, clothing microclimate, subjective sensation were measured. Rectal temperature gradually decreased and mean skin temperature grad-ually increased both male and female in any posture. There was not significant difference between male and female in rectal temperature and mean skin temperature. There were significant difference among the postures in rectal temperature(p<0.001) and mean skin temperature(p<0.001). In lying aside and supine on the floor, appearances of change and changes in rectal temperature and mean skin temperature were large, changes of weight were small. In sitting on the floor, appearances of change and changes in rectal temperature and mean skin temperature were small, changes of weight were large. The trunk skin tem-perature was higher in female than in male, but the extremity skin temperature was higher in male than in female. In sitting on the floor, foot skin temperature(p<0.001) was higher than any other local skin temperature. In supine on the floor, back skin temperature(p<0.001) was higher than any other local skin temperature.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2002

To develop an automatic detecting system of body temperature of dairy cattle while milking, measurement of the temperature of mammary skin using three thermometers attached into the lining of teat cup was carried out for 23 dairy cattle, whereas measurement of the temperature of milk while milking was also performed for 263 animals. For the latter experiment, three thermometers were attached at 10cm(left and right) and 20 cm away from an individual milk collector on the milk transporting hose. Taking the rectal temperature was accompanied all the time for the experiments. The measurement of the temperature of mammary skin using teat cup was successful for 11 of 23 dairy cattle(47.8%) and the mean temperature was $33.5^{\circ}C$ with the mean difference of $5.2^{\circ}C$ from the mean rectal temperature. The measurement of the temperature of milk using the thermometers onto the milk transporting hose while milking was very successful , From 37.3 to $38.4^{\circ}C$ of rectal temperature, the temperature of milk was almost the same and from 38.5 to $39.5^{\circ}C$ of rectal temperature, the temperature of milk tended to be low with the difference of 0.1$^{\circ}C$. From 39.6 to $41^{\circ}C$ of rectal temperature, the temperature of milk tended to be low with the difference of $0.2-0.6^{\circ}C$. These results indicated that automatic detection of body temperature whether low or high can be possible if the temperature of milk is taken while milking and if it is connected to the integration system by on-line.

• 한국농촌생활과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 1995

This study was designed to obtain the basic data developing the UV ray protective garments for the plastichouse workers. Two subjects were volunteered for 1hr. wear test in plastic house, and the ensembles was composed of one of three kinds blouse (UV blocking blouse, polyester/cotton 47/53 blouse, and polyester blouse), shorts, sleeveless undershirts, pants and socks. The measurements were rectal temperature, skin temperature, microclimate inside clothing, subjective sensation, and the colour difference of UV sensor. The results were as follows: 1. Microclimate especially, temperature inside clothing of polyester blouse was the highest among the garments. And UV-proof polyester blouse showed the lower mean skin temperature and microclimate than others. Showing the highest sweat volume. 2. No significant difference on UV ray blocking function among 3 kinds of garment was shown. 3. We could conform that in spring for the plastic house wぉw s garment low thermal insulating value and wide covering area were more important factors than UV blocking function of fabric.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.886-890
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• 1999

From previous studies, there is a strong possibility in buffaloes that the marked increase in blood volume (BV) under hot conditions contributes to heat transportation from the rectum to the skin. The present study was done to clarify changes with environmental temperature on water-shift between blood and extracellular fluid (ECF), heat distribution between the rectum and the skin, and blood flow rates (BFR) at the hind legs (reflecting the skin surface). Four buffaloes and four Friesian cows were successively exposed to three different temperatures of $20^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. BV and ECF volume were measured with Evans' blue and sodium-thiocyanate dilution methods, respectively. Rectal and subcutaneous (as the skin) temperatures were measured by copper-constantan thermocouples. BFR were measured by a supersonic blood flow meter. With an increase in environmental temperature, skin temperature in buffaloes increased significantly than cows, but rectal temperature was not significantly different between two species. BV, especially plasma compartment, increased significantly in only buffaloes, while ECF volume did not change in both species. BFR increased significantly in buffaloes, but not in cows. From these results, the increased of BV may be caused by water flowing from ECF compartment. The water-shift may induce the increase of BFR and skin temperature. It is suggested in the present study that internal changes of blood compartment in buffaloes contribute to transfer of heat to the skin surface.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.665-672
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and the effects of near infrared lighted garments on thermo-physiological responses in human body. Seven healthy adult men were recruited for this study. All subjects were informed the contents and purpose of this study. The experiment was carried out in a climate chamber of $32^{\circ}C$, 60%RH with 'Rest', 'Exercise' and 'Recovery' period. The experimental garments consisted of briefs, undershirts(sleeveless), nightclothes, T-shirts, knee-trousers and socks. Subjects participated in two experiments, one was wearing near infrared lighted garments(NIR-O), the other was wearing regular garments(NIR-X). The order of experiment was randomized, and subjects wore experimental garments before 24 hours in order to benefit by near infrared light. Measurement items included rectal temperature ($T_{re}$), mean skin temperature ($\bar{T}_{sk}$), sweat rate, heart rate, oxygen uptake and subjective sensation. The results are as follows: As to the variation of rectal temperature and mean skin temperature, value of wearing NIR-X was higher than value of wearing NIR-O, indicating a significant level of difference (p<.001). Sweat rate under NIR-O and NIR-X condition were 575.35 g and 535.75 g, respectively. Heart rate value of NIR-X condition was higher than NIR-O. Oxygen uptake measured during experiment was the higher in NIR-X condition with significant difference (p<.001). In the subjective sensation, the value of NIR-O condition was higher than NIR-X condition without significantly difference.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.202-209
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• 2018

This study examined thermo-physiological responses according to the design change of construction site working clothes (control (C) working clothes; prototype (P) working clothes). We measured rectal temperature, skin temperature, micro-climate within the clothes and sweat rate. In the evaluation of physiological functionality, based on pattern improvement in working clothes, P working clothes showed significantly lower rectal temperatures, trunk and thigh skin temperatures than C working clothes. It is preferable that rectal temperature should be kept low during work that is not favorable to an increase in body temperature. P working clothes were more physiologically functional than C working clothes. In addition, P working clothes showed significantly lower temperatures in the trunk and thigh parts in a micro climate temperature. We could explain that the side seam zipper on the pants and the gusset on armpit parts create an air permeability effect of lowering the temperature of micro-climate. Aggressive ventilation through the slit of the garment is an important factor for the restoration of the physiological function of the worker at rest between work. Sweat rate showed a higher level in C working clothes than P working clothes. When working in a hot environment, workwear needs to be designed so that the worker is not exposed to thermal stress. Therefore, it was evaluated that the P work clothes used in this study alleviated the physiological burdens of heat.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.57-67
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• 1987

The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of girdle on the physiological responses and the microclimate in summer. The measuring points were rectal temperature, skin temperature, pulse rate and sweat volume as physiological responses and the inside clothing temperature, relative humidity as microclimate when the subjects wore girdle (girdle A; polyurethan+nylon, girdle B; polyurethan+cotton) for the period of rest and exercise in climate chamber. The enviromental conditions were at $25^{\circ}C$ ($65{\pm}5\%$ RH) and $30^{\circ}C$ ($75{\pm}5\%$ RR). The results were as followings. 1. Mean skin temperature increased in girdle during the exercise at $30^{\circ}C$. 2. The pulse rate decreased in girdle during the rest at $25^{\circ}C$. In the case of girdle A, it was remarkably decreased. Rectal temperature increased in girdle A and B during the exercise at $25^{\circ}C$. But the kinds of girdle didn't affect the pulse rate and rectal temperature. 3. The total sweat volume in girdle was larger than in control. 4. The difference between skin temperature and inside clothing temperature of abdomen had a tendency to increase at all experiment condition. 5. The relative humidity of inside ($RH_1$) and outside ($RH_2$) of girdle increased in girdle during the rest at $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. And the relative humidity of wearing girdle B was hig-her than girdle A during the rest at $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. The $RH_1$ after stepping at $30^{\circ}C$ was the highest in girdle A and the lowest in control. From this point of view, we concluded that physiological responses and the microclimate were affected by wearing girdle. And mean skin temperature and relative humidity of inside clothing were affected by the materials of girdle.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.315-320
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• 2005

With regard to the fact that temperature of human body remains almost constant at $37^{\circ}C$, changes by circadian variation, this study intended to investigate the effect of circadian rhythm on physiological responses of human body according to body fat rate. Fifteen healthy adult women were recruited for this study and were measured body fat as a method of bio impedance. We organized subjects into three groups ; low body fat group(group L-less than 20% of body fat), medium body fat group(group M-20%~30% of body fat) and high body fat group(group H-more than 30% of body fat). The experiment was carried out in a climate chamber of $32^{\circ}C$, 60% RH with the repeat of 'Exercise' and 'Rest' period. Subjects participated in two experiments, one is morning experiment(called 'AM'), the other is afternoon experiment (called 'PM'). The results of this study are as follows ; As to the variation of rectal temperature, group L and M had a significant difference in the time of the day between AM and PM, but group H had almost the same rectal temperature in the two kinds of experimental time. The reason why group H had a smaller difference in the circadian rhythm of rectal temperature in this study is estimated at the Budd et al.(1991)'s results that body fat had effects on reduction in thermogenesis, radiation, mean skin temperature, and increase in insulation of the tissues. Group M had the highest mean skin temperature in the 'PM'. All the 3 groups didn't have stable values in 'AM'. But it showed more stable in 'PM' than 'AM'. Sweat rate was the highest in group H in both 'AM' and 'PM'. Group M had larger sweat rate in 'PM' than 'AM'. but in group L and H, sweat rate was almost the same in two kinds of time of the day. This result suggests that who have more or less body fat have larger difference in sweat rate between morning and afternoon than who have normal body fat.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.116-126
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• 1998

This study was conducted to examine the effect of difference in materials of aerobic wear on both human body's physiological reactions and subjective wearing sensation by comparing and analysing not only cotton sparidex A, B and C but nylon spandex D, E and F used as actually wearing materials. The rectal temperature of type A and I remained at high degree, the type C was higher from after high-speed running but dropped sharply when taking a break finally. Both skin temperature and mean skin temperature dropped sharply due to sweat occurred during physical exercise, and then rose slowly when taking a break. Type A -D and B-I showed that the mean skin temperature remained at high degree when wearing a cotton spandex. Type C's temperature within its aerobic wear was lower than type F while its relative humidity was higher than type F. Wearing sensation showed a change similar to wearing, particularly, which was remarkable in type B-E. Also, it was shown that humidity sensation, tactile sensation and comfort sensation were good when wearing the cotton spandex.

• 대한인간공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한인간공학회 1997년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.72-96
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• 1997

To investigate the difference of sweating reaction on somato types. We measured total sweat rate, locl sweat rate, skin temperature, physiological reactions and psyschological reactions at $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ under laboratory conditions. Nine healthy adult females were divided into three somato types (slender(3), normal(3) and obese type(3)). The results were as follows; Total sweat rate was highest in obese type, and then comes normal type and slender type in order. Local sweat rate was highest in infrascapular area, and then breast, the back of the hand, upperarm, ant. leg, and ant. thigh in order in all somato types. Mean skin temperature was highest in slender type, and then normal type and obese type in order. Rectal temperature, blood pressure and pulse rate were highest in boese type. Psychological reactions were appeared 'hot' 'humid' 'sweat' as ambient temperature go up. And somato types make little difference in psychological reactions.