• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted with nine wheat geno-types to choose the wheat which has excellent early vigour. 'Vigour 18' and 'ZL 59A' are excellent in the long coleoptile genotype, while 'Amery' and 'Janz' are excellent in the short coleoptile genotype. Responding to the growth stage and nitrogen level, Vigour 18 is predominant in the long coleoptile genogype, while Janz in the short coleoptile genotype. Responding to sowing density and nitrogen level, the higher the sowing density was, the shorter the leaf area of Vigour 18 and Janz. Also the leaf area turned out to larger in the plot fertilized with high nitrogen than in the plot fertilized with low nitrogen. This is true of leaf weight and root weight. Concerning specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR), the higher the sowing density was, the SLA tended to grow larger, while the SLA grew larger in the plot fertilized with low nitrogen, as were found in Vigour 18 and Janz. The roots of long coleoptile genotype, Vigour 18, turned out to grow longest on the plot sown with 3 seeds. While the roots of short coleoptile genotype, Janz, grew longest on the plot sown with 2 seeds. The relative growth rate (RGR) was the same at low N rates and high N rates. The RGR was 0.071 and 0.072 g $g^{-1}d^{-1}$ at low N rates and high N rates. The partitioning of RGR into net assimilation rate (NAR) and LAR showed that the average LAR at low N rates was similar to the LAR at high N rates. Variation within each cultivar in the LAR and NAR was small relative to the difference between them at low N rates and high N rates. Above ground mass was 8.2 mg greater at high N rates than low N rates, whereas leaf area was 0.05 $\textrm{m}^2$$kg^{-l}$ greater at high N rates than low N rates. The NAR was similar at low N rates and high N rates, whereas LAR was greater at high N rates (0.05 $\textrm{m}^2$$kg^{-l}$); variation in SLA was responsible for the variation in NAR and LAR both at low N rates and high N rates. NAR was more closely associated with the reciprocal of SLA.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.125-129
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• 2000

The ecology of estuarine bacteria in terms of bactenal production and biomass was investigated in Naktong embayment. Intrusion of eutrophic freshwater was one of the major factors affecting on the ecosystem of Naktong embayment. Total bacterial number varied from $2.2{\times}10^5 cells/ml to 9.8{\times}10^5 $ cellslml, and the variation ranges of the bacterial biovolume and biomass were 0.023-0.201TEX>$\mu$$m^3$/cell and 0.010-0.140 TEX>$\mu$g-Clml, respectively, and there was a reciprocal relationship between bacterial number and biomass. Pool size of thymidine varied from 12.93 nM to 44.56 nM. The pool during summer was supposed to be composed of easily utilizable form than the typical one of winter, which suggests thal bacterial productivity measured in summer may be underestimated. Bactenal production varied from 0.12 TEX>$\mu$g-Cllh to 22.38 TEX>$\mu$g-Clllh, and the values were low in winter and increased from spring and reached the highest in summer. The variations of bacterial production showed high correlations with temperature, chlorophyll a, and bacterial biomass. These results suggested that the main source of organic matters which influence the bacterial production in Naktong embayment may be the photosynthetic excretory products of phytoplanktons.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1997

In becoming parents, the marital partners enter into a new developmental phase. The conception of the child is an act of mutual creativity during which the boundaries between the self and another were temporarily obliterated more completely than at any time since infancy. The infant is a physical fusion of the parents, and their personalities unite within the child. for many women, creativity as a mother becomes a central matter that provides meaning and balance to their lives. The husband usually has strong desires for an offspring and can be transformed by it. The child can profoundly affect one or both parents, and the influences are reciprocal-a child's needs or specific difficulties uncover a parent's inadequacy. following the child's development, each transition into a new developmental phase requires an adaptation by the parents, and one or another of these required adaptations may disturb a parent's equilibirium. And the personality changes, emotional difficulties, and regressions of a spouse that occur in response to some phase of parenthood can upset the marriage. Not only do children identify with parents, but parents also identify with their children. The parents take pleasure in child's joy and suffer with the child's pain more than in almost any other relationship. certain respects e parents lives again in the child. Through the process of identification the child can also provide one of the two parents with the opportunity to experience intimately the way in which a person of the opposite gender grows up. Parenthood also provides the opportunity to be loved, admired, and needed simply because one is a parent and, as such, a central and necessary object in the young child's life. The many potentialities for emotional satisfactions from parenthood manage to outweigh the tribulations and sacrifices that are required. The child also exerts an indirect effect through changing the parent's position in the society, for new sets of relationships are established as the parents are drawn to other couples with children of the same age, and for a new impetus toward economic and social mobility often possesses the parents. frequently the couple's relatedness to their own parents improves and grows firmer once again. Parenthood, the satisfactions it provides and the demands it makes, varies as life progresses : and changes with the parent's interests, needs, and age as well as with the children's maturation. There are phases in the child's life that the parents are reluctant to have pass, whereas they tolerate others largely through knowing that they will soon be over. The changing lives of the children provide many satisfactions that offset the tribulations, uncertainties, and regrets. The parents change. The young father, who was just starting on his carrier whom the first child was born, settles into a life pattern. He becomes secure with increasing achievement and interacts differently with the youngest child and provides a different model for him than for the oldest. The mother may have less time for a second or third child than for her first, but she may also be more assured in her handling of them. The birth of a baby when the parents art in their late thirties will find them Less capable of physical exertion with the child and less tolerant of annoyances, but they are less apt to be annoyed. Eventually the children min and leave home, but the couple do not cease to be parents.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2001

The house fly (Musca domestica L.) strains were derived from the Yumenoshima III strain by selecting with cypermethrin and methomyl for 19 and 16 generations, respectively. The resulting strains, cypermethrin resistance strain (Cyp-R19) and methomyl resistance strain (Met-R16), showed high level of resistance by 12906 and 51 times, respectively, comparing with the susceptible SRS strain. The Cyp-R19 strain was resistant to synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, $\beta$-cyfluthrin, showing > 11000, 1231, 103, 292 times higher $LD_{50}$ values than the SRS strain, respectively. It was also resistant to 3 organophosphates and 2 carbamates such as fenitrothion, profenofos, pyridaphenthion, benfuracarb, methomyl, showing resistance ratios fo 51, 17, 49, 39 and 62 comparing to SRS strain. The Met-R16 strain was resistant to synthetic carbamate benfuracarb, showing 6 times higher $LD_{50}$ value than SRS strain. It was also resistant to 4 organophosphates such as acephate, fenitrothion, profenofos and pyridaphenthion, showing > 40, 103, 19, 60 times higher $LD_{50}$ value. It was also resistant to 5 pyrethroids and a pyrrole such as cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, $\beta$-cyfluthrin and chlorfenapyr, showing 3030, 249, 4063, 34, 330 and 86 times higher $LD_{50}$ values than the SRS strain. Cyp-R14 strain which was selected for 14 generations by cypermethrin and developed 11014 times higher resistance to the SRS strain was used in the dominance and linkage group analysis. Cypermethrin resistance inheritance was incompletely dominant in house fly as judged by the reciprocal cross between the resistant and susceptible strains. The linkage group analysis for the major factors responsible for this resistance was carried out by the$ F_1$male-backcross method, using susceptible multi-chromosomal marker aabys strain. The major factors for cypermethrin resistance were located on the 1st, the 3rd and the 4th chromosomes, and the effect of the 3rd chromosome was most prominent.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.115-127
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• 2006

Although the Korean government have made a plan of housing market with supply and concentrated on the welfare of the people, there are still a lot of problem in housing market for lack of a long-term vision and consistent policy of the government. The plan of 115% of housing diffusion in 2012 is in progress after its acquisition of 100% in 2002, but there are no changes in the rental housing rate of 43% in 2003. In addition, there are getting worse circumstances in the instability of housing market and the low-income bracket, because of the Korean construction firms' bankruptcy with an increase of unsold hosing and a rapid increase of housing prices. The government have made the strategy of revitalizing the economy and regional development by means of a million public rental housing plan for the low-income bracket and welfare. This paper introduces the basic information of the subjective strategy establishment with the analysis of the reciprocal action of influence factors for public rental housing by system dynamics theory and the effect of public rental housing in housing supply market which has a long-term dynamic form.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.40.1-40.15
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• 2020

The protein encoded by the Gene Associated with Retinoid-Interferon-Induced Mortality-19 (GRIM-19) is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is homologous to the NADH dehydrogenase 1-alpha subcomplex subunit 13 of the electron transport chain. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease that damages the brain and spinal cord. Although both the cause and mechanism of MS progression remain unclear, it is accepted that an immune disorder is involved. We explored whether GRIM-19 ameliorated MS by increasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines and immune cells; we used a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to this end. Six-to-eight-week-old male C57BL/6, IFNγ-knockout (KO), and GRIM-19 transgenic mice were used; EAE was induced in all strains. A GRIM-19 overexpression vector (GRIM19 OVN) was electrophoretically injected intravenously. The levels of Th1 and Th17 cells were measured via flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical analysis. IL-17A and IFNγ expression levels were assessed via ELISA and quantitative PCR. IL-17A expression decreased and IFNγ expression increased in EAE mice that received injections of the GRIM-19 OVN. GRIM19 transgenic mice expressed more IFNγ than did wild-type mice; this inhibited EAE development. However, the effect of GRIM-19 overexpression on the EAE of IFNγ-KO mice did not differ from that of the empty vector. GRIM-19 expression was therapeutic for EAE mice, elevating the IFNγ level. GRIM-19 regulated the Th17/Treg cell balance.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.8-25
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• 1994

The study was conducted to obtain the genetic information on heterosis and combining ability of the quantitative characters for F1 hybrid breeding in silkworms. Six parental varieties and each set of 30 diallel crosses in F1's were used as materials, and bred on the randomized complete block design with three replications. Fourteen characters were observed with the twenty samples in each tray. The data were analyzed for (1) heterosis and combining ability in F1 hybrid. The heterosis in the weight and the length of cocoon showed positively high at 24.51%, and 23.4%, respectively and the weight of the whole cocoon as well as the weight of the whole cocoon layer showed a siginificant heterosis ranging from 15.56% to 15.71% and from 17.14% to 19.01%, but the fifth and the total instar period showed negative heterosis. It was found that the combination between, C70XRomogua and N9 X Romogua showed highly a negative heterosis on the fifth instar period and for the cocoon weight. The female of N9+Sansuian and the male of Romogua X Sansurian have a high heterosis effect, on the cocoon shell weight, and Sansurian X Romogua(reciprocal) on the length and the weight of cocoon filament with no regard to sexuality. The significant maternal and cytoplasmic effect on heterosis of the cocoon weight and the cocoon shell weight were observed with the combinations, N9 X C5, N63 X C70 and on the length of the cocoon filament with the combinations, Sansurian X N63, Sansurian X C5, Sansurian X C70 and N9 X C70, N63 X C70 on the weight of cocoon filament. As mean squared of GCA, SCA and RCA were significant with these combining ability for all characters resulted from additive and non-additive altogether and there is a significant difference between reciprocals. Sansurian showed a negative GCA effect on the fifth and total larval duration, but the higher positive GCA effects took places with varieties N9 and C5 on the length, width, weight of cocoon, cocoon shell weight, percentage of cocoon shell weight, length and weight of cocoon filament, percentage of raw-silk with no regard to both generations and silkworm sexuality. The values of SCA between the cross combinations varied generation-wise and sex-wise. It was shown that SCA value for the fifth instar period was highly negative for Sansurian X C70, Romogua X C70, Sansurian X C5, Romogua X C5, but it was positive effect on the cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight with N9 X C5, and C70 X Sansurian, on the length of cocoon filament with N9 X C5, Romogua X Sansurian on the weight of cocoon filament between Romogua and N63 and on the percentage of raw-silk between the combination of Sansurian X Romoga.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.371-381
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• 2022

This study causally investigates whether high school student with high science learning motivation becomes to achieve more or vice versa, and also how those two factors affect STEM career motivation. Research participants were 1st year students in a high school at Seoul. We surveyed their science learning motivation three times in the same time interval in the fall semester of 2021, and once a STEM career motivation in the third period. We collected data from 171 students with their mid-term and final exam scores, with which, we constructed and fitted an autoregressive cross-lagged model. The research model shows high measurement stability and fit indices. All the autoregressive and cross-lagged paths were statistically significant. However, standardized regression coefficients were larger in path from motivation to achievement compared to the opposite. Only science learning motivation shows significant direct effect on STEM career motivation, rather than achievement. For indirect effects, the first science learning motivation affected the final exam score and STEM career motivation, and the final exam score affected STEM career motivation. However, the final exam score did not have a total effect toward STEM career motivation. The result of this study shows reciprocal and cyclic causality between science learning motivation and achievement - in comparison, the effect of motivation for the opposite is larger than that of achievement. Also the result of this study strongly reaffirms the importance of science learning motivation. Instructional implications for strengthening science learning motivation throughout a semester was discussed, and a study for the longitudinal effect of science learning motivation and achievement in high school student toward future STEM vocational life was suggested.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2009

Statement of problems: Stress analysis on implant components of the combined screw- and cement-retained implant prosthesis has not investigated yet. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the load distribution characteristics of implant prostheses with the different prosthodontic retention types, such as cement-type, screw-type and combined type by using 3-dimensional finite element analysis. Material and methods: A 3-dimensional finite element model was created in which two SS II implants (Osstem Co. Ltd.) were placed in the areas of the first premolar and the first molar in the mandible, and three-unit fixed partial dentures with four different retention types were fabricated on the two SS II implants. Model 1 was a cement-retained implant restoration made on two cement-retained type abutments (Comocta abutment; Osstem Co. Ltd.), and Model 2 was a screw-retained implant restoration made on the screw-retained type abutments (Octa abutment; Osstem Co. Ltd.). Model 3 was a combined type implant restoration made on the cement-retained type abutment (Comocta abutment) for the first molar and the screw-retained type abutment (Octa abutment) for the first premolar. Lastly, Model 4 was a combined type implant restoration made on the screw-retained type abutment (Octa abutment) for the first molar and the cement-retained type abutment (Comocta abutment) for the first premolar. Average masticatory force was applied on the central fossa in a vertical direction, and on the buccal cusp in a vertical and oblique direction for each model. Von-Mises stress patterns on alveolar bone, implant body, abutment, abutment screw, and prosthetic screw around implant prostheses were evaluated through 3-dimensional finite element analysis. Results: Model 2 showed the lowest von Mises stress. In all models, the von Mises stress distribution of cortical bone, cancellous bone and implant body showed the similar pattern. Regardless of loading conditions and type of abutment system, the stress of bone was concentrated on the cortical bone. The von-Mises stress on abutment, abutment screw, and prosthetic screw showed the lower values for the screw-retained type abutment than for the cement-retained type abutment regardless of the model type. There was little reciprocal effect of the abutment system between the molar and the premolar position. For all models, buccal cusp oblique loading caused the largest stress, followed by buccal cusp vertical loading and center vertical loading. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the FEA study, the combined type implant prosthesis did not demonstrate more stress around implant components than the cement type implant prosthesis. Under the assumption of ideal passive fit, the screw-type implant prosthesis showed the east stress around implant components.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 1991

This study was carried out to observe the change in uterine cyclic nucleotide level and the effect of PAF on cyclic nucleotides in uterine tissue in early pregnany in order to understand reciprocal relation ship between PAF and cyclic nucleotides in pregnancy in the rat. The test groups were injected intramuscularly with $1{\mu}g$ of PAF or 1.25mg of BN-52021 on day 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of pregnancy. The level of cyclic nucleotide in removed uterine tissue was assayed by using cyclic nucleotides test kits. The results showed that the cyclic AMP content in uterine tissue of non-pregnant at pro-oestrus rat was $2.91{\pm}0.33$ pmol/mg protein which was lower than those of pregnant rat. The cyclic GMP content in uterine tissue of non-pregnant rat was $0.39{\pm}0.20$ pmol/mg pro-tein which was also lower than those of pregnant rats. The maximum level in cAMP was $5.92{\pm}1.72$ pmol/mg protein on day 3 and cGMP, $1.03{\pm}0.22$ pmol/mg protein on day 4. On each day of pregnancy, PAF induced the increased cAMP level ompared with that of intact rat. That was significant on day 0, 2 and 4 of pregnancy, p<0.05, on the other hand PAF receptor antagonist, BN-52021 ecreased cAMP level in uterine tisssue. PAF as well as BN-52021 had not an consistent effect on changes in cGMP level. These results suggest that cyclic nucleotide levels in uterine tissue ware increased during early pregnancy and PAF influences cAMP level in uterine rather than cGMP level during peri-implantation period, accordingly demonstrating a possible involvement of PAF in the regulation of implantation-related events through cAMP-mediated process.